2024屆高考英語一輪復習 語法專題 動詞和動詞短語 外研版
語法專題十四 動詞和動詞短語
英語動詞根據其意義和句法作用,可分為實義動詞、連系動詞、助動詞和情態動詞四大類。實義動詞又稱行為動詞,為表示動作或狀態的動詞,可以單獨充當句子的謂語,實義動詞有及物動詞和不及物動詞兩類。英語中的動詞短語通常由動詞加介詞、副詞、名詞等構成,在句中起動詞的作用。高考設題時往往都是給出四個不同的動詞或短語來測試考生在具體語境中對動詞短語詞意的辨析及其理解和運用能力。主要出現在單項選擇及完形填空中。
考點一 常用動詞辨析
1.advise,persuade,suggest
advise用作及物動詞,表示“勸告,忠告,建議”,強調提醒或引起注意;persuade表示“說服”,強調勸說成功,主要搭配是:persuade sb.to do sth.說服某人做某事(相當于persuade sb.into doing sth.);如表示勸說但不一定成功,則使用try to persuade sb.to do sth.或advise sb.to do sth.。suggest用作及物動詞,意為“建議”,后接名詞、代詞、動名詞或從句,從句中的謂語用“should+動詞原形”, should可以省略。
2.bring,take,carry,fetch
bring“帶來,拿來,取來”,強調從別處帶人或物到說話人所在地。
take“拿走,帶走”,強調把人或物從說話者身邊帶走,方向與bring相反。
fetch“去拿來,去取來”,強調從甲地出發到乙地取物或人后,又回到甲地,相當于go and bring。
carry“攜帶,搬運,運送”,強調用人力或車輛把人或物從一地運到另一地。
3.win,beat,defeat
win表示“贏得,戰勝”時,賓語多是比賽項目等。win sb.則指“贏得人心”。
beat/defeat意為“打敗,擊敗”,其賓語只能是人或由人組成的機構。如:beat sb.打敗某人;defeat their team/ the country/the enemy擊敗了他們的隊/國家/敵人。
beat多用于表示在比賽或爭論中戰勝對手;defeat多用于在戰爭中打敗對手。
4.believe,believe in
believe表示“相信,認為”,側重于相信某人說的話或所做事情的真實性,其后可跟名詞、代詞、不定式的復合結構或賓語從句。
believe in表示“相信,信任,信仰,信奉”,其后常接真理、宗教、原則之類的名詞。
You should believe in yourself and believe that you will succeed one day.
你應該相信自己,并且相信某天你將會成功的。
5.book,order
二者都有“訂購,預訂”之意,但book指訂各種“票,座位”;而order指“餐館訂飯、菜,定做衣服,訂貨”等,常用結構:place an order for sth.with sb.向某人訂購某物。對比:book a ticket/two seats/a double room訂一張票/兩個座位/一個雙人間;order four dishes/ lunch要四個菜/訂好午飯。
He booked a table for four and ordered six dishes.
他訂了一張四人桌,并且要了六個菜。
6.choose,select,elect
choose表示“選擇,挑選”,有時也表示“推選,選舉”,但一般表示范圍很小、普通的選擇,沒有elect正式。
select表示“(精心地)挑選,選定”,具有“精選”之意。
elect表示“選舉”,指較大范圍的正式的選舉。
7.disturb,interrupt
disturb是及物動詞,有“打擾,擾亂,使人心神不安”之意。常用短語:disturb the sleeping child/one's plan/the public peace打擾睡覺的孩子/打亂計劃/擾亂社會治安;be mentally disturbed精神上受到影響;be disturbed about對……感到不安。
interrupt有“打斷,打擾”之意,側重打斷。常用短語:interrupt the supplies中斷供應;interrupt one's speech打斷演講。
8.hurt,injure,wound,harm
hurt是一般用語,指精神或肉體上受到的傷害,有較強烈的“疼痛”意味;
injure比hurt更正式,常指意外事故對身體或精神上的“損害,損傷”;
wound主要指外界暴力引起身體創傷,尤指戰爭中受的刀、槍、劍等傷;
harm指對人的肉體或精神帶來傷害,特指傷及一個人或其心態、健康、權利、事業等,使之產生痛苦、損失或任何不幸遭遇。
He was injured in the car accident and his leg still hurts now.
9.miss,lose
miss意為“未能趕上(抓?。e過,失去,漏掉”。而lose意為“丟失,迷失方向,迷路”。
He missed the early bus.What's worse,his key to the car was lost.
10.fit,be fit for,be fit to,suit
fit用作及物或不及物動詞,表示“(衣服等)合適,使合身”;be fit for是形容詞短語,表示“適合的,能勝任的”,for后接名詞或動名詞;be fit to表示“適合,能勝任”,to是動詞不定式符號,后接動詞原形。suit指顏色、款式的“適合”,而fit指尺寸、大小的“合適”。
11.save,spare
save意為“儲蓄,節省”,指把錢、時間及其他東西儲蓄起來以備將來用,或指節省東西,避免浪費,也指“救命”。而spare意為“省”,指細心地省下或節省錢、時間、力氣等,常表示省出一部分以留作他用。
12.seat,sit
seat是及物動詞,意思是“使坐下”,可以接人作賓語,還可以用于被動語態。常見搭配有:seat sb.使某人坐下;seat oneself自己坐下;be seated=sit down坐好。而sit是不及物動詞,不能帶賓語。
考點二 考查同根介詞或副詞動詞短語的辨析
使用頻率較高的這類動詞有:call,cut,come,go,get,go,look,put,set,turn,take,pay,pick,make等。常見的介詞或副詞有:in,off,out,up,away,for,on,over等。
1.動詞+away構成的短語動詞有:
throw away扔掉;put away把……收拾好;give away捐贈,分發;carry away運走;run away 潛逃,跑開;go away 走開。
2.動詞+for構成的短語動詞有:
answer for負責;provide for供給;call for要求;plan for打算,為……計劃;hope for希望,期待;ask for索取,尋找;send for派人去請;go for努力獲??;pay for償還,賠償;wait for等待;look for尋找。
3.動詞+on構成的短語動詞有:
try on試穿,試驗;put on穿上,上演;have on穿著,戴著;pull on穿,戴;hold on不掛斷,堅持,繼續;carry on繼續開展,堅持;keep on繼續;go on繼續;get on上(車);come on趕快。
4.動詞+over構成的短語動詞有:
come over過來;hand over移交;go over仔細檢查,復習;get over克服,恢復;look over檢查;think over仔細考慮;take over接受,接管;hand over 移交;turn over翻轉。
5.動詞+up構成的短語動詞有:
bring up撫育,培養;call up召喚,打電話給;come up走上前來,長出;cut up切碎;fix up修理;give up放棄;go up 上升,增長;grow up 長大;look up尊敬,向上看,查尋;make up虛構,彌補,組成;put up舉起,搭建;pick up 撿起,(開車)接某人,偶然得到;set up建立,創(紀錄);send up發射;show up 揭露,露面;turn up出現,把……調高一點;take up占據,開始從事。
6.動詞+out構成的短語動詞有:
come out出來;go out出去,熄滅;look out留神,當心;walk out走出;set out出發,開始;put out撲滅,生產;give out發出,發表;hand out分發;pick out挑選;find out找出,發現;speak out大聲地說;turn out生產,結果是;get out出去,離開;work out計算出,解決,實行,行得通;carry out實行,執行;bring out出版;start out 出發,動身。
考點三 常見同根動詞短語辨析
1.bring
bring in引進,掙得;bring about引起,導致;bring up養育,培養,嘔吐,提出;bring out使展現,推出(書、唱片等);bring down降低,使倒下;bring back把……帶回來,使憶起,使恢復;bring forth結果,生產,產生;bring forward提出,提前;bring off圓滿完成(困難之事);bring on惹來(壞的結果),加速。
2.break
break down崩潰,瓦解,垮掉,失敗,(化學)分解,(公共場所)失去理智;break up打碎,(物理)分解,分開,分成(幾部分),結束,制止;break through逾越,突破,沖破;break away(from)掙脫,脫離;break out爆發;break in破門而入;break off折斷,中斷;break into進入建筑物以便行竊,突然發出或開始,打擾。
3.come
come about發生;come out結果出來,出版,泄露,開花;come across偶遇,被理解;come true變為現實;come up走上前,被提出,長出地面,走近,升起;come up with產生,發現(解決辦法、答案等);come along一起來;come to總計,清醒過來。
4.give
give up放棄;give in屈服,呈交;give out 用盡,耗盡,分發,公布,發表,發出;give away露馬腳,頒發,贈送,送掉,捐贈;give off發出。
5.go
go against違背,與……不符,對……不利;go without勉強維持,湊合,go in for愛好,參加,從事;go by過去,依據,按照;go on繼續,發生;go over復習,仔細審查,走近;go ahead 進行;go through 從頭到尾地閱讀,經歷;go away走開,外出度假,消失;go for去取來或接來,爭取得到;go out出去,熄滅,過時。
6.keep
keep away(from)使遠離;keep back 扣除,保留,隱瞞不講;keep off 避開;keep on繼續;keep out 擋在外邊,(警示語)請勿靠近;keep up保持,不低落,持續,繼續;keep up with跟上;keep down抑制(以防其增長)。
7.look
look ahead向前看;look about環顧;look after照看,負責處理;look back回憶,回顧;look out 當心,找出;look on旁觀;look up 向上看,查閱,形勢好轉,看望;look down upon看不起;look forward to盼望;look through翻閱;look into調查,向內看;look round尋找,邊走邊看,觀光。
8.put
put back放回原處,撥回,阻礙,推遲;put down平定,鎮壓,記下;put away將事物放置于慣常保存之處,儲蓄;put forward提出(計劃、建議),撥快,提前;put off延期;put on穿戴,上映;put out撲滅,生產;put up舉起,張貼;put up with容忍。
9.take
take in吸收;take for 誤認為;take out 拿出;take down 放下;take up從事,拿起,占據(時間或空間);take off 飛機起飛,脫下,休假,成功;take by攻占;take after像;take along 隨身攜帶;take away帶走,拿走,使離去;take back 收回(說錯的話),退回(所購商品);take charge負責,掌管;take on呈現,雇傭;take out拿出,帶……出去;take over 接管,接任;take place發生。
10.turn
turn against轉而反對,使與……為敵;turn back折回,掉轉頭;turn away轉身,走開,打發走;turn out結果是,關上(電燈),趕出,生產,制造;turn down 拒絕,調??;turn off 關掉;turn over翻過來,移交;turn in 上交(作業等),拐入;turn into變成,翻譯;turn on打開,取決于;turn to求助于,翻到;turn up調大,出現。
1.(2024·課標全國高考)Mary is really good at taking notes in class.She can______almost every word her teacher says.
A.put out B.put down
C.put away
D.put together
2.(2024·全國高考Ⅱ)We ______ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part that day.
A.set about
B.set up
C.set out
D.set down
3.(2024·天津高考)Parents and children should communicate more to ______ the gap between them so that they can understand each other better.
A.open
B.narrow
C.widen
D.leave
4.(2024·安徽高考)The athlete's years of hard training ______ when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
A.went on
B.got through
C.paid off
D.ended up
5.(2024·安徽高考)You had better ______ some time every day for sports so that you can keep yourself energetic.
A.set aside
B.take up
C.put away
D.give out
6.(2024·湖北高考)Two lawyers have donated $50,000 to______our school's campaign “Help the Needy”,which was started by our former headmaster three years ago.
A.sponsor
B.launch
C.organize
D.plan
7.(2024·湖北高考)Finally,my thanks go to my tutor,who has offered a lot of suggestions and comments on my paper and______ every page
of my draft.
A.approved
B.quoted
C.polished
D.folded
8.(2024·湖北高考)Walking alone in the dark,the boy whistled to______ his courage.
A.hold up
B.keep up
C.set up
D.take up
9.(2024·湖北高考)I'm so glad you've come here to______ this matter in person.
A.lead to
B.see to
C.turn to
D.refer to
10.(2024·江蘇高考)—OK,I've had enough of it.I give up.
—You can't ______ your responsibilities.
A.run off with
B.run up against
C.run out of
D.run away from11.(2024·江西高考)I've ______ the habit of calling in on my grandparents on my way home from school. A.come into
B.gone into
C.got into
D.run into
12.(2024·江西高考)We were all agreed that the cottage would ______ a perfect holiday home for the family. A.make
B.turn
C.take
D.have
13.(2024·遼寧高考)Rod loves ______ clocks.However,he never manages to put them together again.
A.taking apartB.giving away
C.making up
D.turning off
14.(2024·陜西高考)He had to pause from time to time to wipe the sweat from his forehead,because the air-conditioning system ______.
A.broke in
B.broke up
C.broke out
D.broke down
15.(2024·四川高考)It's surprising that your brother______Russian so quickly—he hasn't lived there very long.
A.picked up
B.looked up
C.put up
D.made up
16.(2024·浙江高考)According to scientists,our mental abilities begin to ______ from the age of 27 after reaching the highest level at 22.
A.differ
B.shrink
C.fail
D.decline
17.(2024·浙江高考)Armed with the information you have gathered,you can ______ preparing your business plan.
A.set out
B.set about
C.set off
D.set up
18.(2011·課標全國高考)I can ______ the house being untidy,but I hate it if it's not clean.
A.come up with
B.put up with
C.turn to
D.stick to
19.(2011·課標全國高考)William found it increasingly difficult to read,for his eyesight was beginning to ______.
A.disappear
B.fall
C.fail
D.damage
20.(2011·全國高考Ⅱ)Mary,I ______ John of his promise to help you.