浙江省金華市孝順高級中學2024屆高考英語語法專題復習：非謂語動詞三步解題法
遇到有關非謂語動詞的單選題，可以根據句中的搭配結構、非謂語的主被動形式和非謂語的“時態”三個角度，從語言的結構到語義由簡單到復雜依次排選。
第一步：根據非謂語形式在句中可作的成分來分析空白處可填入的非謂語形式，看能否在不定式、分詞和動名詞幾個形式之間先排除一個或幾個。
非謂語動詞在句中可作成分一覽表
主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 賓補
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
分詞
√ √ √ √
動名詞 √ √ √ √
注：1).the(分詞也可用作主語和賓語；
2).現在分詞完成式不作定語。
非謂語形式作主語或賓語時，除“the(分詞”外一般只能用不定式或動名詞。其中不定式作介詞的賓語時要使用“特殊疑問詞(不定式”結構。
例如：1).It’s very kind of you to help us.
2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .
4).Please show us how to do that.
作狀語時，不定式表示目的以及so/as(to do和(only)to do中的結果狀語，其它狀語都用分詞來表示。
例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.
（“非謂語(主句”模式中，非謂語在句首而且由逗號與主句隔開，此句中的不定式只作目的狀語；此時的分詞表示時間、原因或條件狀語，有時分詞前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等連詞，如：①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.）
2).He came here only to say good-bye to us.
（不定式在句中作目的狀語時它前面不能用逗號）
3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic.
（不定式在主句之后，又有逗號與主句隔開時常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主語意料的結果）
第二步：在第一步的基礎上從非謂語的主被動形式這個角度進行篩選。
非謂語用作主語或狀語時，一般根據它們的邏輯主語來判斷主被動形式的選用；若無邏輯主語，則以主句主語為判斷對象。
例如：1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.
（作狀語的分詞邏輯主語和主句主語相同時，邏輯主語常省去）
2).It’s so nice to hear your voice.
3).Seeing is believing.
（不帶邏輯主語的不定式或動名詞作主語時，通常看作第一人稱的邏輯主語省略）
注意以下特殊情況中非謂語一律用主動式：
①主語(系動詞(形容詞(不定式
②need/want/require(需要) (doing
③be worth doing
2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker?
(當句中出現了作定語的不定式動詞的執行者時用主動式，否則用被動式)
作賓補的非謂語主被動形式要根據非謂語動詞與賓語的關系來確定。
例如：1).Don’t have the water running like that.
2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
第三步：經過第一、二兩步分析仍未能作出最后選擇時，可能會剩下不定式和分詞內部不同的式之間的選擇，即非謂語的“時態”，這時可通過比較非謂語動詞和謂語動詞所發生的先后來判別。
不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在
①表示非謂語動詞發生在謂語之后；
例如：1).I hope to see you again soon.
2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?
②表示與謂語動詞同時發生的一個全過程動作或謂語當時所處的狀態。
例如：4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house?
5).He seems to know that.
2．不定式的進行式to be doing 和現在分詞的一般式doing/being done只用來表示非謂語動詞和謂語動詞同時發生。
例如：1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.
3．不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和現在分詞完成式having done/having been done均表示動作發生在謂語之前。
例如：1).He is said to have left.
2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.
4．詞常表示發生在謂語之前而及物動詞的過去分詞則可以指發生在謂語之前或與謂語同時的狀態。
例如：1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.
若非謂語形式正確而詞義仍不同者則需從句義來考慮。
非謂語動詞的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生或在其后發生，非謂語動詞的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。?? 1.動詞不定式?? 例1：A?lot?of?young?people?are?learning?to?drive?cars.?(同時發生)?? 例2：All?of?us?expected?to?discover?a?new?oil?field.?(非謂語動詞動作發生在后)?? 例3：He?is?said?to?have?studied?English?for?three?years.?(非謂語動詞動作發生在前)?? 注：動詞不定式的完成式有時用在intended,?expected,?meant,?were?to,?was?to等過去式的動詞后面，表示未實現的行為。例如：?? 1)I?meant?to?have?sent?the?book?to?you?by?mail.?（我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。）?? 2)He?was?to?have?been?the?new?ambassador,?but?he?fell?ill.?(他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)?? 2.動名詞?? 例1：I?am?thinking?of?getting?a?new?dictionary.?(非謂語動詞動作發生在后)?? 例2：We?enjoy?watching?colour?TV.?(與謂語動詞動作同時)?? 例3：He?forgot?having?promised?to?write?things?for?us.?（非謂語動詞動作發生在前。）?? 3.分詞?? 例1：Singing?a?song,?he?came?into?the?room.?（非謂語動詞動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生）?? 例2：Having?written?his?composition,?he?went?to?have?a?heart?to?heart?talk?with?Wang.?(非謂語動詞動作發生在前)?? 非謂語動詞的比較?? 1.動名詞和動詞不定式在用法上的比較?? (1)一般說來動名詞所表示的動作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時間概念不強，不是指某一次的動作；而動詞不定式所表示的動作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如：?? 1）I?like?swimming,?but?I?don’t?like?to?swim?today.?? 2)?They?prefer?staying?indoors?when?the?weather?is?cold.?? 3)?Would?you?prefer?to?stay?at?home?this?evening??? (2)動詞不定式的邏輯主語，常常是句子的主語或句中的某個詞；而動名詞的邏輯主語可能是句子主語或句中某個詞，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不著的。例如：?? 1）I?hate?to?be?sitting?idle.?(我不想閑坐著。)（指自己）?? 2）I?hate?saying?nothing?at?a?meeting?but?gossiping?afterwards.?(我不喜歡開會不說會后亂說。)（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）?? (3)有些詞后既可接動名詞亦...
1不定式作賓語 1) 動詞+ 不定式? afford aim appearagree arrangeask be decide bothercarechoose come dare demand desiredetermine expect electendeavor hope fail happen helphesitate learn long mean manage offer ought planprepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake ? The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。 2）動詞+不定式 ； 動詞+賓語+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。 3） 動詞+疑問詞+ to? decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。 The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。 2 不定式作補語? 1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enableencourage find forbid force guess hireimagineimpel induce informinstructinvite judge know like order permitpersuade remind reportrequest requireselect send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法：? Find 后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。 I found him lying on the ground.
?I found it important to learn.?
I found that to learn English is important. The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. ? A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。 2) to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。 Acknowledge, believe, consider,think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel find, guess, judge ,imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show ,suppose, take(以為), understand? We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented ? 答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發明這一個事實，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現在完成時，發明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。 3) to be +形容詞 Seem, appear, be said,be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認為這本書沒什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。 注意 ： 有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。 Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。? 3 不定式主語? 1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last,the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。 2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。 注意：1) 其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。 3) 當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is… to…的句型 (對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。 4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.? 1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。? 2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。 for 與of 的辨別方法： 用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如： You are nice. (通順，所以應用of)。 He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。)? 5 不定式作表語? 不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor. 6 不定式作定語? 不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light. 7 不定式作狀語? 1）目的狀語 To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。 2）作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于"形容詞+動詞不定式"結構的末尾。? 8 用作介詞的to? to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞： admit to承認， confess to承認， be accustomed to 習慣于， be used to 習慣于， stick to 堅持， turn to開始，著手于， devote oneself to 獻身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意 9 省to 的動詞不定式? 1） 情態動詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役動詞 let, have, make： 3） 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。 注意：在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance.?
=He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night. 4） would rather，had better： 5） Why… / why not…： 6） help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） but和except：but前是動詞do時，后面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。 8） 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去： 9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be： ? He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應該是個好人。 舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型例題 1) ---- I usually go there by train. ?---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。 2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning? 答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用于被動時，to 不可省略。? 10 動詞不定式的否定式? Tell him not to shut the window… ? She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。 典型例題 1）Tell him ___ the window. ? A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. ? A. not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D. having not seen ? 答案：A。 pretend 后應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。 3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not toB. not to doC. not do it ?D. do not to? 答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重復整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。 5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. ? A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do。? 11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…? 1）too…to 太…以至于… He is too excited to speak.?他太激動了，說不出話來。 I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。 2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定， too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。 It's never too late to mend. (諺語)改過不嫌晚。 3) 當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常… 等于very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。? 12 不定式的特殊句型so as to? 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.? 輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。 2) so kind as to ---勞駕 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time??勞駕，現在幾點了。? 13 不定式的特殊句型Why not? "Why not +動詞原形"表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?" 例如：
Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假? 14 不定式的時態和語態? 時態語態 主動 被動 一般式 to doto be done 進行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成進行式 to have been doing 1) 現在時：一般現在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。 2) 完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 進行時： 表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成進行時：? She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.? 15 動名詞與不定式? 1） 動名詞與不定式的區別： 動名詞表達的是： 狀態，性質，心境，抽象，經常性，已發生的 不定式表達的是： 目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發生的 2） 接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。? 3） 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組： 1 stop to do stop doing ?
2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7 go on to do go on doing8 afraid to do afraid doing? 9 interested to dointerested doing
10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
2. 過去分詞的語法作用： 過去分詞一方面具有動詞的性質，另一方面也相當于一個形容詞或副詞，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 1) 過去分詞作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態。如： Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個杯子，它是壞的。 He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。 2) 過去分詞做定語： 單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面，相當于一個定語從句。如： The excited people rushed into the building. 激動的人們奔進了大樓。 We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。 過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面，相當于一個定語從句。如： Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動嗎？ The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國專家提出來的建議被經理采納了。 過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語，前后用逗號隔開。如： The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。 The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千個學生出席了。 3) 過去分詞做狀語： 過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣，也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。 ①表時間，相當于一個時間狀語從句，有時過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強調時間概念。如： Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看，這個城市就像一個大花園。 Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party. 入黨以后，他決定獻身于黨的事業。 ②表原因，相當于一個原因狀語從句。如： Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 激動的人們被那個故事深深地感動了，停止了爭吵。 Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了講演的鼓舞，年輕人決定起來從事斗爭。 ③表條件，相當于一個條件狀語從句，有時過去分詞前可用if等詞。如： Given another chance, he will do better.再給他一次機會，他會做得更好。 Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English. 和你哥哥相比，你應該更加努力學習英語。 If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱，會變成水蒸氣。 ④表讓步，相當于一個though/although引導的讓步狀語從句。如： Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 盡管已經跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續追趕著那個強盜。 Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續他的研究。 ⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如： The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那個老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進了房間。 Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。 4) 過去分詞作補足語： 過去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構成復合賓語，用作賓語補語。如： When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時候去醫院檢查你的牙齒？ When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard. 當你在作報告時，你應該講響一點使自己被人聽清。 當這類句子變成被動語態時，過去分詞用作主語補語。如： One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發現其中一個杯子破了。 They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應該讓他們知道那兒的形勢。 二、特別提醒 1. 過去分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致。如： When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當那個男孩被問到為何來這里時，他沉默不語。 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在農村出生并長大，他對生物很感興趣。 如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，必須使用過去分詞的獨立主格結構。
2. 動詞have后所接的三種賓語補語： have somebody/something do something 不定式作補語必須省去to, 不定式動作由賓語發出，表示一次性的動作。如： I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。 Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業。 have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補語，分詞動作也由賓語發出，強調動作的延續或正在進行。如： They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機一直工作著。 We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個孩子那樣對他的媽媽說話。 have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補語，賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關系，通常有兩種情況： ①主語讓別人做某事，強調主語的意志。如： He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發了。 Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后來，這個中心讓人種了很多樹。 ②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環境，說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行為。如： He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。 He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰爭中，他失去了一只眼睛。
3. 非謂語動詞的被動式作定語的三種形式： the bridge to be built 將要建造的橋 （表示將來的動作） the bridge being built 正在建造的橋 （表示正在進行的動作） the bridge built 造好的橋 （表示完成的動作）
