2024屆高考英語(yǔ)高頻詞匯舉例解析(11)
◆ habit, practice, custom, convention這組名詞一般含義為“習(xí)慣”。 ?????
habit指?jìng)€(gè)人的“習(xí)慣”,通常用于表示做事、思考問(wèn)題或行為舉止的不自覺(jué)的方式方法 ????? That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. ????? 這證明是我的失敗,因?yàn)槲也痪镁突氐皆陔娨暺聊磺按蝾膲牧?xí)慣去了。 ?????
practice 既可表示個(gè)人的也可表示社會(huì)的“習(xí)慣”,這種“習(xí)慣”從性質(zhì)上看是一種反復(fù)不斷的或是有選擇性的行為或者方法 ????? On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat——the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. ????? 在另一方面,一想到用動(dòng)物油煎馬鈴薯,你便會(huì)作嘔。然而在許多北歐國(guó)家里,這是為大家接受的通常習(xí)慣。 ????? She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out. ????? 她慢慢地走進(jìn)廳堂,并且立刻發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的房門(mén)都是開(kāi)著的。但是按照她自己的一般習(xí)慣,她在外出前總是把門(mén)全部關(guān)好的。 ?????
custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含義,此外,custom 還包含這樣一層意思:長(zhǎng)期而廣泛采用的行為或方法,即風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,按照某地區(qū)人們共同生活及其行為的準(zhǔn)則或規(guī)范,它不僅有指導(dǎo)意義,而且具有必須遵循的意義 ????? Don't be a slave to custom.? 不要做風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的奴隸。 ????? From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. ????? 一個(gè)人從誕生的那一時(shí)刻起,他降生后所處的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣便給他的閱歷和行為定型。 ?????
convention 其實(shí)是其他3個(gè)詞的近義詞,它的含義為:固定的或公眾一致承認(rèn)的行事或表達(dá)思想的方法 They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. 他們不顧社會(huì)習(xí)俗,并未意識(shí)到自己在做些與眾不同的事。 ?????
hand down;hand in;hand over;hand out ; by hand ;hands up ????? hand down作“把……傳下來(lái)”解。例如: ????? …knowledge, customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race. ????? ……他們的知識(shí),生活習(xí)慣以及人們所懷念的事情,都是由他們的祖先傳下來(lái)的。 ????? The story was handed down from one generation to another.這個(gè)故事世代相傳。 ?????
hand in為“把……交上來(lái)” 、“交給”、“遞交”之意。例如: ????? Time is up.Hand in your examination papers.時(shí)間到了,請(qǐng)把試卷交上來(lái)。 ?????
hand over作“轉(zhuǎn)交”或“移送”解。例如: ????? Please hand over this money to XiaoZhou.請(qǐng)將這筆錢(qián)轉(zhuǎn)交小周。 ????? The thief was handed over to the police.小偷已被移送到公安機(jī)關(guān)了。 ?????
hand out為“散發(fā)”之意。例如: ????? When I got to the classroom the teacher had already begun handing out the test papers. ????? 我趕到教室時(shí),老師已開(kāi)始分發(fā)試卷了。 ?????
hands up表示“舉起手來(lái)”; by hand表示“用手”、“手工”,是介詞短語(yǔ),作方式狀語(yǔ)。 ????? [EXERCISES] ????? This toy was made?? .? After class, you mustyour homework.? If you have any questions to ask,please?? .? (Keys:by hand ②hand in ③hands up) ?????
have sb.do sth.;have sb./sth.doing sth.;have sth.done ?????
have sb.do sth.為“使(讓、請(qǐng))某人做某事”之意,其中作賓補(bǔ)的不帶to的不定式只表示發(fā)生過(guò)某事。例如: The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵們讓男孩背對(duì)著父親站著。 ?????
have sb./sth.doing sth.為“讓某人(某事)一直做某事”之意,其中作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞表示保持或一直存在的狀態(tài)。例如: The two cheats had their lights burning all night long. 兩個(gè)騙子讓燈整夜地亮著。 Although the farm is large,my dad has only two men working for him. 雖然農(nóng)場(chǎng)大,但我爸爸只雇了兩人為他(一直)干活。 ?????
have sth.done 有兩層含義和用法: *其一,作“(有意地)讓他人為自己做某事”解,即過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由別人完成,而賓語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者或動(dòng)作對(duì)象。例如: I’ll have a new suit made of this cloth. 我要用這種布料做一套新衣服。 *作“(無(wú)意識(shí)地)讓某人(或某物)遭受不幸”解。例如: He had his handbag stolen. 他的手提包被人偷了。 ?????
hear of/ hear from/ hear hear of表示“聽(tīng)人說(shuō)起”、“聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”,側(cè)重于間接聽(tīng)說(shuō); hear from表示“收到……的來(lái)信”、“收到……的來(lái)電”,后面接指人的名詞或代詞; hear表示“聽(tīng)見(jiàn)”、“聽(tīng)到”,后面接名詞、代詞或賓語(yǔ)從句。 ????? [EXERCISES] ????? I?? that our team won.? I?? my brother twice a month.? I?? her death last week.? Can you?? some birds singing?? (Keys:heard ②hear from ③heard of ④hear) ?????
holiday(holidays),leave, vacation 這三個(gè)詞都有“假日(期)”的意思,但含義用法并不相同。 ?????
holiday(holidays)一般指“休假” ????? Tom and I are going to have a holiday.我和湯姆準(zhǔn)備去度假。 ????? I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已經(jīng)度過(guò)假了。 ????? During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car. ????? 在瑞典度假期間,我在我的車(chē)子上發(fā)現(xiàn)了這張字條。 ????? Postcards always spoil my holidays.?? 明信片總是弄得我過(guò)不好假日。 ????? My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. ????? 我的假日過(guò)的很快,但是我一張明信片也沒(méi)有寄給朋友。 ????? 注:have? a (或one's)holiday 度假,during a holiday 在一次假期中。這種用法的holiday 總用單數(shù)形式,但并不只是“一天”假。 復(fù)數(shù)形式的holidays 泛指“假日”,如summer holidays 暑假。但“Sunday is a holiday ”中的holiday 卻是“一天”的假。 ?????
leave 指“請(qǐng)假”,被批準(zhǔn)后離開(kāi)自己的工作的一段時(shí)間 ????? He stays at home on sick leave.?? 他請(qǐng)了病假呆在家里。 ????? He asked for a six months' leave. 他請(qǐng)了6個(gè)月的假。 ?????
vacation 在英國(guó)指大學(xué)的寒暑假或法定不工作的日子,美國(guó)可指任何假日(期) ????? The students are planning how to spend their summer vacation. ????? 這些大學(xué)生在計(jì)劃著怎樣過(guò)暑假。 ????? Mr. Fuller is on vacation now.? 費(fèi)勒先生在度假。 ?????
honour homage reverence? deference ◇ 都含“尊敬”、“敬意”的意思。 ?????
honour 指“普遍承認(rèn)或欽佩某人的人格、事跡等因而受到的尊敬”, 如: ????? in hono(u)r of the martyred dead?? 向死難烈士致敬。 ?????
homage 指“以誠(chéng)懇恭敬的態(tài)度表示敬意” 如: ????? They bowed in homage to the Unknown Soldiers.? 他們向無(wú)名烈士墓鞠躬致敬。 ?????
reverence指“崇敬”, 如 ????? He held her in reverence.?? 他崇敬她。 ?????
deference指“聽(tīng)從長(zhǎng)者、上司、或值得尊重的人表現(xiàn)出的尊敬”, 如: ????? Do you treat your parents and teachers with deference? 你對(duì)父母師長(zhǎng)尊敬嗎? ?????
hurt; injure; wound; cut ◇ hurt為普通用語(yǔ),既可指肉體上的傷害(可被badly, slightly, seriously等修飾),也可指精神上、感情上的傷害(被very much/rather/deeply修飾),多指?jìng)础H纾?????? I hurt my leg badly in the football match.在那場(chǎng)足球賽中,我的腿受了重傷。 ????? He felt rather hurt at your words.你的話使他很難過(guò)。 ?????
injure比hurt正式,主要指意外事故中損害健康、容貌等,強(qiáng)調(diào)功能的損失。如: ????? A bullet injured his left eye.一顆子彈傷了他的左眼。 ?????
wound指槍傷、刀傷、刺傷等皮肉之傷,是出血的、嚴(yán)重的傷,尤其指用武器有意造成的傷口、傷疤或戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷。也可指人們精神上的創(chuàng)傷。如: ????? The thief wounded him with a knife.那小偷用刀刺傷了他。 ????? You have wounded his pride.你傷害了他的自尊心。 ?????
cut指無(wú)意中造成的輕傷。如: ????? How did you get that cut on your hand﹖你手上的傷口是怎么弄的?
◆ habit, practice, custom, convention這組名詞一般含義為“習(xí)慣”。 ?????
habit指?jìng)€(gè)人的“習(xí)慣”,通常用于表示做事、思考問(wèn)題或行為舉止的不自覺(jué)的方式方法 ????? That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. ????? 這證明是我的失敗,因?yàn)槲也痪镁突氐皆陔娨暺聊磺按蝾膲牧?xí)慣去了。 ?????
practice 既可表示個(gè)人的也可表示社會(huì)的“習(xí)慣”,這種“習(xí)慣”從性質(zhì)上看是一種反復(fù)不斷的或是有選擇性的行為或者方法 ????? On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat——the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. ????? 在另一方面,一想到用動(dòng)物油煎馬鈴薯,你便會(huì)作嘔。然而在許多北歐國(guó)家里,這是為大家接受的通常習(xí)慣。 ????? She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out. ????? 她慢慢地走進(jìn)廳堂,并且立刻發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的房門(mén)都是開(kāi)著的。但是按照她自己的一般習(xí)慣,她在外出前總是把門(mén)全部關(guān)好的。 ?????
custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含義,此外,custom 還包含這樣一層意思:長(zhǎng)期而廣泛采用的行為或方法,即風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,按照某地區(qū)人們共同生活及其行為的準(zhǔn)則或規(guī)范,它不僅有指導(dǎo)意義,而且具有必須遵循的意義 ????? Don't be a slave to custom.? 不要做風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的奴隸。 ????? From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. ????? 一個(gè)人從誕生的那一時(shí)刻起,他降生后所處的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣便給他的閱歷和行為定型。 ?????
convention 其實(shí)是其他3個(gè)詞的近義詞,它的含義為:固定的或公眾一致承認(rèn)的行事或表達(dá)思想的方法 They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. 他們不顧社會(huì)習(xí)俗,并未意識(shí)到自己在做些與眾不同的事。 ?????
hand down;hand in;hand over;hand out ; by hand ;hands up ????? hand down作“把……傳下來(lái)”解。例如: ????? …knowledge, customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race. ????? ……他們的知識(shí),生活習(xí)慣以及人們所懷念的事情,都是由他們的祖先傳下來(lái)的。 ????? The story was handed down from one generation to another.這個(gè)故事世代相傳。 ?????
hand in為“把……交上來(lái)” 、“交給”、“遞交”之意。例如: ????? Time is up.Hand in your examination papers.時(shí)間到了,請(qǐng)把試卷交上來(lái)。 ?????
hand over作“轉(zhuǎn)交”或“移送”解。例如: ????? Please hand over this money to XiaoZhou.請(qǐng)將這筆錢(qián)轉(zhuǎn)交小周。 ????? The thief was handed over to the police.小偷已被移送到公安機(jī)關(guān)了。 ?????
hand out為“散發(fā)”之意。例如: ????? When I got to the classroom the teacher had already begun handing out the test papers. ????? 我趕到教室時(shí),老師已開(kāi)始分發(fā)試卷了。 ?????
hands up表示“舉起手來(lái)”; by hand表示“用手”、“手工”,是介詞短語(yǔ),作方式狀語(yǔ)。 ????? [EXERCISES] ????? This toy was made?? .? After class, you mustyour homework.? If you have any questions to ask,please?? .? (Keys:by hand ②hand in ③hands up) ?????
have sb.do sth.;have sb./sth.doing sth.;have sth.done ?????
have sb.do sth.為“使(讓、請(qǐng))某人做某事”之意,其中作賓補(bǔ)的不帶to的不定式只表示發(fā)生過(guò)某事。例如: The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵們讓男孩背對(duì)著父親站著。 ?????
have sb./sth.doing sth.為“讓某人(某事)一直做某事”之意,其中作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞表示保持或一直存在的狀態(tài)。例如: The two cheats had their lights burning all night long. 兩個(gè)騙子讓燈整夜地亮著。 Although the farm is large,my dad has only two men working for him. 雖然農(nóng)場(chǎng)大,但我爸爸只雇了兩人為他(一直)干活。 ?????
have sth.done 有兩層含義和用法: *其一,作“(有意地)讓他人為自己做某事”解,即過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由別人完成,而賓語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者或動(dòng)作對(duì)象。例如: I’ll have a new suit made of this cloth. 我要用這種布料做一套新衣服。 *作“(無(wú)意識(shí)地)讓某人(或某物)遭受不幸”解。例如: He had his handbag stolen. 他的手提包被人偷了。 ?????
hear of/ hear from/ hear hear of表示“聽(tīng)人說(shuō)起”、“聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”,側(cè)重于間接聽(tīng)說(shuō); hear from表示“收到……的來(lái)信”、“收到……的來(lái)電”,后面接指人的名詞或代詞; hear表示“聽(tīng)見(jiàn)”、“聽(tīng)到”,后面接名詞、代詞或賓語(yǔ)從句。 ????? [EXERCISES] ????? I?? that our team won.? I?? my brother twice a month.? I?? her death last week.? Can you?? some birds singing?? (Keys:heard ②hear from ③heard of ④hear) ?????
holiday(holidays),leave, vacation 這三個(gè)詞都有“假日(期)”的意思,但含義用法并不相同。 ?????
holiday(holidays)一般指“休假” ????? Tom and I are going to have a holiday.我和湯姆準(zhǔn)備去度假。 ????? I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已經(jīng)度過(guò)假了。 ????? During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car. ????? 在瑞典度假期間,我在我的車(chē)子上發(fā)現(xiàn)了這張字條。 ????? Postcards always spoil my holidays.?? 明信片總是弄得我過(guò)不好假日。 ????? My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. ????? 我的假日過(guò)的很快,但是我一張明信片也沒(méi)有寄給朋友。 ????? 注:have? a (或one's)holiday 度假,during a holiday 在一次假期中。這種用法的holiday 總用單數(shù)形式,但并不只是“一天”假。 復(fù)數(shù)形式的holidays 泛指“假日”,如summer holidays 暑假。但“Sunday is a holiday ”中的holiday 卻是“一天”的假。 ?????
leave 指“請(qǐng)假”,被批準(zhǔn)后離開(kāi)自己的工作的一段時(shí)間 ????? He stays at home on sick leave.?? 他請(qǐng)了病假呆在家里。 ????? He asked for a six months' leave. 他請(qǐng)了6個(gè)月的假。 ?????
vacation 在英國(guó)指大學(xué)的寒暑假或法定不工作的日子,美國(guó)可指任何假日(期) ????? The students are planning how to spend their summer vacation. ????? 這些大學(xué)生在計(jì)劃著怎樣過(guò)暑假。 ????? Mr. Fuller is on vacation now.? 費(fèi)勒先生在度假。 ?????
honour homage reverence? deference ◇ 都含“尊敬”、“敬意”的意思。 ?????
honour 指“普遍承認(rèn)或欽佩某人的人格、事跡等因而受到的尊敬”, 如: ????? in hono(u)r of the martyred dead?? 向死難烈士致敬。 ?????
homage 指“以誠(chéng)懇恭敬的態(tài)度表示敬意” 如: ????? They bowed in homage to the Unknown Soldiers.? 他們向無(wú)名烈士墓鞠躬致敬。 ?????
reverence指“崇敬”, 如 ????? He held her in reverence.?? 他崇敬她。 ?????
deference指“聽(tīng)從長(zhǎng)者、上司、或值得尊重的人表現(xiàn)出的尊敬”, 如: ????? Do you treat your parents and teachers with deference? 你對(duì)父母師長(zhǎng)尊敬嗎? ?????
hurt; injure; wound; cut ◇ hurt為普通用語(yǔ),既可指肉體上的傷害(可被badly, slightly, seriously等修飾),也可指精神上、感情上的傷害(被very much/rather/deeply修飾),多指?jìng)础H纾?????? I hurt my leg badly in the football match.在那場(chǎng)足球賽中,我的腿受了重傷。 ????? He felt rather hurt at your words.你的話使他很難過(guò)。 ?????
injure比hurt正式,主要指意外事故中損害健康、容貌等,強(qiáng)調(diào)功能的損失。如: ????? A bullet injured his left eye.一顆子彈傷了他的左眼。 ?????
wound指槍傷、刀傷、刺傷等皮肉之傷,是出血的、嚴(yán)重的傷,尤其指用武器有意造成的傷口、傷疤或戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷。也可指人們精神上的創(chuàng)傷。如: ????? The thief wounded him with a knife.那小偷用刀刺傷了他。 ????? You have wounded his pride.你傷害了他的自尊心。 ?????
cut指無(wú)意中造成的輕傷。如: ????? How did you get that cut on your hand﹖你手上的傷口是怎么弄的?