2024屆河北省衡水名校高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)專題撬分練：專題19 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題（含解析）
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基礎(chǔ)組Passage 1
限時(shí)：6分鐘
體裁：說明文 題材：社會(huì)生活類 難度：中詞數(shù)：288
[2024·棗強(qiáng)中學(xué)一輪檢測(cè)]Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how lifestyle and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over.
According to Dr Joseph Mereola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their lifestyle. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they have a choice of fresh fruit, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal.
After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don't Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.
In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent lifestyle changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity—or extreme overweight—among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% —and is growing.
文章通過對(duì)比美國人與法國人的生活方式，向我們介紹了生活方式對(duì)體重的影響。
1．In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr Joseph Mereola?
A．They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.
B．They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.
C．They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyle.
D．They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.
答案 C [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第一句可知，法國人把飲食當(dāng)作生活方式的重要組成部分，故C項(xiàng)正確。A、B、D三項(xiàng)都是針對(duì)美國人。]
2．This text is mainly about the relationship between ________.
A．Americans and the French
B．lifestyle and obesity
C．children and adults
D．fast food and overweight
答案 B [主旨大意題。科學(xué)研究、資訊報(bào)道類的文章，主旨句往往出現(xiàn)在study, research, report等詞之后。本文首段第二句為中心句，主要講述了生活方式與肥胖之間的關(guān)系。]
★3.This text is mainly developed ________.
A．by contrast
B．by space
C．by process
D．by classification
答案 A [篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章講述生活方式對(duì)體重的影響，主要采用了對(duì)比的方式，對(duì)比了美國人與法國人在生活方式上的差異，故選A項(xiàng)。]
4．Where does this text probably come from?
A．A TV interview.
B．A food advertisement.
C．A health report.
D．A book review.
答案 C [推理判斷題。本文的中心內(nèi)容與健康有關(guān)，且由首段第二句中的“research”推斷，本文摘自一篇健康報(bào)道。A項(xiàng)意為“電視采訪”；B項(xiàng)意為“食品廣告”，D項(xiàng)意為“書評(píng)”，均不符合文意。]
[長難句分析]'However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%— and is growing.但是，隨著美式快餐(在法國)越來越受歡迎以及年輕人拒絕傳統(tǒng)的飲食習(xí)慣，法國兒童患肥胖癥的比例已經(jīng)達(dá)到17%，而且這個(gè)比例還在增長。
句式分析：本句為復(fù)合句。as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示原因。
Passage 2
限時(shí)：7分鐘
體裁：說明文 題材：科普類 難度：難詞數(shù)：306
[2024·衡水中學(xué)周測(cè)]Women are friendly.But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the
hormone
oxytocin (荷爾蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.
“Women tend
to be
social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status，” said Professor Ryan.
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互動(dòng)) such as falling in love or giving birth.
But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.
Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.
Half of the
participants (參與者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰劑)．
After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material.
Following each treatment, they were shown some
video pictures with different social interactions.Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions.The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures，body language and facial expressions.
The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.
Professor Ryan thus concluded：“Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions.And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors (因素) that are mainly hormonal.”
文章通過Ryan教授的實(shí)驗(yàn)得知：荷爾蒙催生素可以使人們更好地辨別不同社交互動(dòng)的能力，男女行為的不同主要是由荷爾蒙生理因素引起的。
1．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?
A．Placebo.
B．Oxytocin.
C．The gesture.
D．The social status.
答案 B [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句話可知：雖然荷爾蒙催生素被認(rèn)為是愛情荷爾蒙，但是它對(duì)男女有不同的影響。所以答案是B項(xiàng)。]
2．What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment?
A．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.
B．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.
C．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success.
D．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behavior differences.
答案 C [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段可知：在先前的實(shí)驗(yàn)里Ryan教授發(fā)現(xiàn)，在消極的社交互動(dòng)中，比如妒忌，荷爾蒙也可以在我們身體里被釋放。所以答案為C項(xiàng)(當(dāng)我們對(duì)別人的成功感到不高興時(shí)，我們的身體會(huì)釋放荷爾蒙催生素)。]
3．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?
A．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.
B．To know the differences between friendship and competition.
C．To know people's different abilities to answer questions.
D．To test people's understanding of body language.
答案 A [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段可知：進(jìn)一步的研究表明，荷爾蒙催生素可以提高男性認(rèn)識(shí)競(jìng)爭關(guān)系的能力，但是它可以提升女性認(rèn)識(shí)友誼的能力。通過這個(gè)研究結(jié)果可以推斷出來Ryan教授做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是檢測(cè)荷爾蒙催生素對(duì)人們?cè)谡J(rèn)識(shí)社交互動(dòng)能力方面的影響，故選A項(xiàng)。]
★4.The author develops the text by________.
A．explaining
people's
behaviors
B．describing his own experiences
C．distinguishing sexual differences
D．discussing research experiments
答案 D [篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一段中提到“Researchers have found...”，第四段提到先前實(shí)驗(yàn)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，剩下文章詳細(xì)介紹了最近實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體過程和結(jié)果，所以可以推斷出作者是通過討論研究實(shí)驗(yàn)來寫這篇文章的，故選D項(xiàng)。]
[長難句分析]'The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.結(jié)果表明，在注入了催生素后，男性正確識(shí)別競(jìng)爭關(guān)系的能力提高了，但是在女性方面，正確識(shí)別友誼的能力變得更強(qiáng)了。
句式分析：該句為復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，after treatment with oxytocin為插入語，it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為the ability to correctly recognize friendship。
能力組Passage 1
限時(shí)：6分鐘
體裁：議論文 題材：社會(huì)類 難度：中詞數(shù)：259
[2024·冀州中學(xué)月考]According to sociologists (社會(huì)學(xué)家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification (階層). Class, power and status are important in deciding people's rank in society.
Class means a person's economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!
Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise (行使) big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相應(yīng)的) economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there aren't too many people who aren't millionaires in the US Senate!
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person's position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.
社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，每一個(gè)現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會(huì)的階層都是由經(jīng)濟(jì)、權(quán)力和地位等所決定的。
1．What can we learn about “the middle class” from Paragraph 2?
A．People earning $50,000 a year belong to the middle class.
B．Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class.
C．People generally consider bus drivers as the middle class.
D．Sociologists have a clear definition of the middle class.
答案 B [推理判斷題。由第二段第四句可知，46%的美國人屬于中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，即接近一半的美國人屬于中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。]
2．According to the text, we know that ________.
A．power and class do not always correspond with each other
B．status refers to a person's economic position in society
C．people with high status have a lot of control over others
D．class is less important in deciding a person's social rank
答案 A [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段第三句“Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however.”以及第四句所舉的例子可知，權(quán)力和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力并不總是相一致的。]
★3.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
(P：Paragraph)
答案 A [篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。從整篇文章來看，作者采用先整體概括，再分別敘述的方法，即總分結(jié)構(gòu)，故選A。]
Passage 2
限時(shí)：6分鐘
體裁：說明文 題材：歷史類 難度：易詞數(shù)：245
[2024·武邑中學(xué)周測(cè)]Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.
The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn't become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.
But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother，but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modern road design.
In the mid-1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (層) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs(the central part of a wheel)came into being, followed by the Pneumatic tyre (充氣輪胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.
文章介紹了作為交通工具重要部件的輪子的發(fā)明、應(yīng)用普及以及輪子的不斷改進(jìn)和完善。
1．What might explain why transport wheels didn't become popular for some time?
A．Few knew how to use transport wheels.
B．Humans carried farming tools just as well.
C．Animals were a good means of transport.
D．The existence of transport wheels was not known.
答案 C [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，動(dòng)物可以攜帶農(nóng)具和載人，因此那時(shí)動(dòng)物是一種很好的交通工具。]
2．What do we know about road design from the passage?
A．It was easier than wheel design.
B．It improved after big changes in vehicle design.
C．It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.
D．It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.
答案 D [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三、四段可知，輪子的設(shè)計(jì)隨著道路條件的改善而得到了不斷的改進(jìn)，故選D項(xiàng)。]
★3.How is the last paragraph mainly developed?
A．By giving examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By following time order.
D．By making classifications.
答案 C [篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，18世紀(jì)中葉，一位法國人提出了一種新的道路設(shè)計(jì)；19世紀(jì)20年代一位蘇格蘭人進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)，同時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了金屬輪轂；1846年出現(xiàn)了充氣輪胎；1907年出現(xiàn)了柏油路；1967年發(fā)明了合金車輪。由此可知，該段是按時(shí)間順序逐步闡述的。]
