3年高考2年模擬1年原創(chuàng)備戰(zhàn)2024高考精品系列之英語：專題17 完形填空之議論文、說明文類（原卷版）

由雕龍文庫 分享時(shí)間：2024-04-02 06:46:23 收藏本文

　　3年高考2年模擬1年原創(chuàng)精品系列

　　專題17

　　完形填空之議論文、說明文類

　　【2024年高考命題預(yù)測】

　　縱觀近幾年的高考完形填空的考查走勢，全國18套卷中的完形填空中，議論文、說明文類完形填空出現(xiàn)的幾率很小。但是，我們也不能馬虎，它們作為高考題型的重要補(bǔ)充，還是有可能考的。因此，議論文、說明文類完形填空也要進(jìn)行少量的練習(xí)。

　　【考點(diǎn)定位】2024考綱解讀和近幾年考點(diǎn)分布

　　說明文完形填空

　　說明文完形填空考查考生通篇把握全文，根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),進(jìn)行分析﹑推理﹑判斷的能力和語篇分析理解能力。檢測考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)英語語言知識(shí)綜合運(yùn)用的能力。

　　說明文是以“說明”為主要表達(dá)方式，用來說明情況、闡明事理的一種文體。它通過介紹情況、說明事物的特征，給人以正確思想或科學(xué)知識(shí)。

　　說明文完形填空一般的結(jié)構(gòu)模式是：提出問題－發(fā)現(xiàn)直接原因－分析深層原因－得出結(jié)論或找到出路。考查學(xué)生對(duì)語言材料的理解能力、分析判斷能力和邏輯思維能力。說明文的寫作目的是授人以知，讓人明白，說明文只是說明事物的特征，闡明原理，介紹知識(shí)。考生容易摸清文章線索，抓住主題。

　　議論型完形填空

　　分析近幾年的高考試卷，我們不難看出高考完形填空的體裁以記敘文為主，但也有個(gè)別省市考查了議論文。

　　議論文是一種通過剖析事物或論述事理來提出主張或發(fā)表見解的文體。議論文分為兩種，一種是夾敘夾議型，另一種是純議論型。夾敘夾議型完形填空的基本模式是：作者首先敘述一件事，然后就此提出自己的見解或由此事引出一個(gè)深刻的社會(huì)問題。純議論型完形填空的基本模式是：提出論點(diǎn)，列舉論據(jù)，提出看法。

　　議論型完形填空有以下特點(diǎn)：

　　1、首句制勝，論點(diǎn)明確

　　議論型完形填空的首句常常是文章的主旨句。作者一般在文章的首段提出論點(diǎn)，然后在各段的首句提出分論點(diǎn)。

　　2、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，脈絡(luò)有序

　　議論文的三要素為論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)形成一體，相互印證。有時(shí)作者為了使文章脈絡(luò)清楚，行文流暢，會(huì)使用一些連接詞，如：on the contrary, all in all, in short, generally speaking, worse still, on the other hand, in conclusion, as a consequence等。

　　3、按一定的方法論證

　　議論型完形填空中的論點(diǎn)都是按一定的方法來論證的。常用的論證方法有：歸納法（分析個(gè)別事物，進(jìn)而推斷出這類事物的共同點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論）；推理法（從原理出發(fā)，個(gè)別分析說明，得出結(jié)論）；對(duì)照法（正反對(duì)照，先分析說明，后得出結(jié)論）；駁論法（闡述錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，逐條批駁，闡明觀點(diǎn)）。

　　二、議論型完形填空的應(yīng)試技巧

　　1、敘議有機(jī)結(jié)合

　　對(duì)于夾敘夾議型的完形填空要把敘和議有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來。有的考生沒有注意到這一點(diǎn)，他們只顧選某一部分的答案，而沒有注意到事件與論點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。

　　2 、遵循狠抓首句原則

　　對(duì)于議論型完形填空，在掌握全文主旨的情況下抓住每段的首句是做好試題的關(guān)鍵。一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明，英語中60%到90%的議論文的主旨句都是段落的首句。抓住了每段的首句，再理解文章就容易多了。

　　3、理清文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論

　　議論型完形填空與記敘型完形填空相比，稍微難了一些。一般來說，記敘文是按時(shí)間的先后順序進(jìn)行描述的，我們只要把握事件發(fā)生和發(fā)展的過程，就能將文章脈絡(luò)把握好。然而議論型完形填空就不那么簡單了，如果我們不清楚文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論，就只能莽撞地答題了，其結(jié)果可想而知。所以理清文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論是做好議論型完形填空的關(guān)鍵。

　　【考點(diǎn)pk】

　　名師考點(diǎn)透析

　　英語完形填空在考查語法、表達(dá)法、詞語搭配的基礎(chǔ)上重點(diǎn)考查對(duì)語篇同容的整體理解、前后的邏輯關(guān)系的把握。經(jīng)反復(fù)研究完形填空原題后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)主要有以下考點(diǎn)：

　　考點(diǎn)1. 考查語法規(guī)則

　　考查考生語法知識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力。近年來完形填空中單純考查語法知識(shí)的題一般不考，只是偶爾有個(gè)別考題。例如：

　　“Can I? I don’t think I can,” Tracy said with a laugh. “But l do have ______ when things come to me for no reason.”

　　A. events

　　B. chances

　　C. feelings

　　D. moments

　　【解析】由后面的when引導(dǎo)的定語從句可知，前面的先行詞應(yīng)是表時(shí)間的詞，所以先moments。

　　考點(diǎn)2. 考查固定搭配

　　考查考生對(duì)常見的英語固定短語和習(xí)慣用法的掌握情況。如動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配；動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞的搭配；介詞與名詞的搭配等。這類搭配在完形填空中時(shí)有出現(xiàn)。如：

　　I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside the classroom or talk with them ______ the telephone.

　　A. with

　　B. by

　　C. from

　　D. on

　　【解析】表示“通過電話”交談，說 on the telephone 或 by telephone，這是習(xí)慣搭配。

　　考點(diǎn)3. 考查詞語辨析

　　考查考生在特定語境中區(qū)別近義詞的能力。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)詞性相同，意義相近，要求我們?cè)谔囟ǖ恼Z境中區(qū)分它們之間的細(xì)微差別。一般說來，其中的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)容易排除，難辨的是兩個(gè)。如：

　　Although I last met this man eight years ago, I have not forgotten his ______ qualities. First of all…

　　A. basic

　　B. special

　　C. common

　　D. particular

　　【解析】根據(jù)句意很容易排除A和C；難辨是的B和D。special強(qiáng)調(diào)“與眾不同的”，而particular指“值得注意的”，故選B。

　　考點(diǎn)4. 考查行文邏輯

　　考查考生對(duì)上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解，如轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、增補(bǔ)關(guān)系、比較關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系等。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是表示文章的起承轉(zhuǎn)合、上下連貫等邏輯關(guān)系的詞語。如：

　　Once he ______ sang a song in class in order to make a point clear.

　　A. also

　　B. nearly

　　C. even

　　D. only

　　【解析】從上下文看為了使教學(xué)有趣易懂，這位哲學(xué)教授不僅僅會(huì)借助oil paintings, music, and guest lectures等方式，“甚至”(even)在課堂上唱歌也就順理成章了。遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。

　　考點(diǎn)5. 考查經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)

　　考查考生在日常的學(xué)習(xí)和生活中所積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和基本常識(shí)，以及一些基本的科學(xué)常識(shí)。如：

　　But we run so much that, afterwards, we had trouble ______.

　　A. speaking

　　B. moving

　　C. sleeping

　　D. breathing

　　【解析】跑得太多，其結(jié)果當(dāng)然是上氣不接下氣，即呼吸困難了，我們一般都會(huì)有這樣的生活經(jīng)歷。

　　考點(diǎn)6.考查文章結(jié)構(gòu)

　　考查考生對(duì)文章脈絡(luò)層次的把握能力。如：

　　First of all: I respected his devotion to teaching... : I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside die the classroom or talk.. .Finally, I was attracted by his lively sense of humor.

　　A. Later B. Secondly C. However

　　D. Therefore

　　【解析】本文的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)很清楚。開篇點(diǎn)題一難忘的哲學(xué)教授；諸條陳述----何以難忘：前有First of all提起，后有Finally落腳，那么中間只有用Secondly來過渡了。

　　考點(diǎn)7. 考查邏輯推理

　　考查考生根據(jù)文意和所掌握的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行簡單的邏輯推理來確定選項(xiàng)的能力。如：

　　He was reading my words out loud to the class…the whole class was laughing with open-hearted enjoyment. I did my best not to show ______, but what I was feeling was pure happiness…

　　A. shock

　　B. wonder

　　C. worry

　　D. pleasure

　　【解析】一個(gè)學(xué)生的作品被老師選中且在班上宣讀時(shí)該會(huì)是怎樣的心情?我們不難判斷：愉快！

　　考點(diǎn)8. 考查前后語境

　　考查考生根據(jù)上下文提供的信息進(jìn)行分析及推理的能力。完形填空題中絕大多數(shù)屬這種題型。有的根據(jù)上文、有的根據(jù)下文、有的要上下文結(jié)合，甚至通篇看完并理解才能作出正確的選擇。如：

　　“As a matter of fact, I’ve got someone in the office at this very moment who might ______.” She wrote down a number, and held it out to me, saying: “Ring up this lady. She wants a cook immediately. In fact, you would have to start tomorrow by cooking a dinner for ten people.”

　　A. hire

　　B. accept

　　C. suit

　　D. offer

　　【解析】根據(jù)下文，這個(gè)婦女告訴他第二天可以去上班了，可見，她認(rèn)為作者是適合(suit)的。

　　【三年高考】

　　14、15、16高考試題及其解析

　　1.【2024·上海】Reading Comprehension

　　Section A

　　??? Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

　　In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively

　　work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.

　　In any case, despite so much evidence to the

　　, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,

　　, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from

　　without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (專制的) managers.

　　Different cultures have different ways of

　　people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to

　　to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general

　　. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional

　　managers cannot.

　　A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without

　　managers first. This empowerment (授權(quán)) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:

　　the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be

　　with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has

　　been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to

　　that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.

　　Another trend is off-site or

　　management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the

　　of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.

　　51. A. desire

　　B. seek

　　C. lose

　　D. dislike

　　52. A. contrary

　　B. expectation

　　C. degree

　　D. extreme

　　53. A. vice versa

　　B. for example

　　C. however

　　D. otherwise

　　54. A. outside

　　B. inside

　　C. below

　　D. above

　　55. A. replacing

　　B. assessing

　　C. managing

　　D. encouraging

　　56. A. refer

　　B. contribute

　　C. object

　　D. apply

　　57. A. agreement

　　B. practice

　　C. election

　　D. impression

　　58. A. bossy

　　B. experienced

　　C. western

　　D. male

　　59. A. asking

　　B. training

　　C. warning

　　D. firing

　　60. A. doubling

　　B. maintaining

　　C. reducing

　　D. estimating

　　61. A. honored

　　B. left

　　C. crowded

　　D. compared

　　62. A. economically B. traditionally

　　C. inadequately

　　D. occasionally

　　63. A. deny

　　B. admit

　　C. assume

　　D. ensure

　　64. A. virtual

　　B. ineffective

　　C. day-to-day

　　D. on-the-scene

　　65. A. opinion

　　B. risk

　　C. performance

　　D. attractiveness

　　2024年高考試題

　　1.【2024·廣東】完形填空（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）

　　閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從1~15各題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

　　How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live —— if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.

　　Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (壽命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!

　　When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.

　　People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.

　　On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.