浙江省2024屆高考英語二輪（單項(xiàng)填空）學(xué)案：第7講 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
第 7 講
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
1. The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant______in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly. (2011浙江卷)
A. gave
B. gives
C. was giving
D. had given
【答案及解析】1. C 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為“經(jīng)理擔(dān)心著他的助手代替他所舉辦的資訊發(fā)布會(huì)。
【答案及解析】幸運(yùn)的是，一切進(jìn)展順利。”經(jīng)理擔(dān)心的時(shí)候正是助手舉辦資訊發(fā)布會(huì)之時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。易誤選A項(xiàng)，gave表示過去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過，這與后面everything was going on smoothly不符，因?yàn)槭虑檫€在進(jìn)展中。
2. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______ fresh watermelon in the fall.(2010浙江卷)
A. eat
B. would eat
C. have eaten
D. will be eating
【答案及解析】2. D 句意：如果你在春天種下西瓜種子，你會(huì)在秋天吃到新鮮的西瓜?？梢耘袛噙@是真實(shí)的條件從句，會(huì)發(fā)生的事情，所以選擇will be eating表將來。
3. For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted. (2010浙江卷)
A. had dreamed of
B. have dreamed of
C. dreamed of
D. dream of
【答案及解析】3. B 句意：許多年來，人們都一直夢(mèng)想著電動(dòng)汽車。然而，制造它們比想象中要難得多。由此推斷此處的夢(mèng)想從過去到現(xiàn)在。目前，市場(chǎng)上已經(jīng)有了電動(dòng)汽車，所以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
4. Over the past decades, sea ice ______ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.(2009浙江卷)
A. had decreased
B. decreased
C. has been decreasing
D. is decreasing
【答案及解析】4. C 句意：在過去的幾十年中，由于全球變暖，北冰洋的海冰一直在減少。
5. — What do you think of the movie?
— It's fantastic.The only pity is that I ______ the beginning of it.(2009浙江卷)
A. missed
B. had missed
C. miss
D. would miss
【答案及解析】5. A 根據(jù)語境，“錯(cuò)過電影開頭”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，故用過去時(shí)。
動(dòng)詞的分類
動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的詞。動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣三種形式的變化。
1．動(dòng)詞按其能否獨(dú)立作謂語而分為：“謂語動(dòng)詞”和“非謂語動(dòng)詞”兩種。
2．動(dòng)詞的四種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。
3．動(dòng)詞按其構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組的作用可分為：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。
(1)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。還可分為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間動(dòng)詞；
(2)連系動(dòng)詞有兩種：一種表特征或狀態(tài)，另一種表狀態(tài)變化過程。
時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)
主動(dòng)語態(tài)(Active Voice )：在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：
The student wrote a song.
被動(dòng)語態(tài)(Passive Voice): 在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：
A song was written by the student.
主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)三步驟：
1. 原來的主語變?yōu)橘e語，其前加“by”；
2. 原來的(直接)賓語提前作主語；
3. 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng) be ＋ 過去分詞(be要變化)
如： Millions_of_people will watch the_final_match_on TV.
→The final match will be watched on TV by millions of people.
1. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)介詞固定搭配不能省略。如：
He has thought_of a way of solving the problem.
→A way of solving the problem has been thought_of.
2. break out/ happen/ take place/ arrive/ become/ die/
disappear, etc. 不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：
The accident which happened yesterday surprised me.
3. 主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)的若干情形。
(1)某些連系動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，如：look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel。
This kind of cloth feels soft.
My advice proved to be wrong.
(2)當(dāng)open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語的某種屬性時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。他們通常與can't, won't等連用。
The door won't shut.
(3)當(dāng)read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear等詞與well, easily, quickly 等副詞連用時(shí)，常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
The cloth washes well.
The poem reads smoothly.
(4)某些表示開始和結(jié)束的動(dòng)作(begin, start, finish, end, etc. )，當(dāng)主語是物且不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，可用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
The play ended at ten o'clock.
4. 非謂語動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況。
(1)不定式to blame, to let用作表語時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
Who is to blame? 該怪誰呢？
The house is to let. 此屋出租。
(2)在“be ＋形容詞＋to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
The question is difficult to answer.
(3)不定式用于某些動(dòng)詞的(have, have got, get, want, need)賓語后作定語時(shí)，當(dāng)不定式邏輯主語和句子的主語一致時(shí)就用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，若不一致，則需用被動(dòng)。
I have a letter to post. (自己寄)
I have a letter to be posted. (請(qǐng)別人寄)
易錯(cuò)易混點(diǎn)
第 7 講
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
1. The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant______in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly. (2011浙江卷)
A. gave
B. gives
C. was giving
D. had given
【答案及解析】1. C 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為“經(jīng)理擔(dān)心著他的助手代替他所舉辦的資訊發(fā)布會(huì)。
【答案及解析】幸運(yùn)的是，一切進(jìn)展順利?！苯?jīng)理擔(dān)心的時(shí)候正是助手舉辦資訊發(fā)布會(huì)之時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。易誤選A項(xiàng)，gave表示過去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過，這與后面everything was going on smoothly不符，因?yàn)槭虑檫€在進(jìn)展中。
2. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______ fresh watermelon in the fall.(2010浙江卷)
A. eat
B. would eat
C. have eaten
D. will be eating
【答案及解析】2. D 句意：如果你在春天種下西瓜種子，你會(huì)在秋天吃到新鮮的西瓜?？梢耘袛噙@是真實(shí)的條件從句，會(huì)發(fā)生的事情，所以選擇will be eating表將來。
3. For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted. (2010浙江卷)
A. had dreamed of
B. have dreamed of
C. dreamed of
D. dream of
【答案及解析】3. B 句意：許多年來，人們都一直夢(mèng)想著電動(dòng)汽車。然而，制造它們比想象中要難得多。由此推斷此處的夢(mèng)想從過去到現(xiàn)在。目前，市場(chǎng)上已經(jīng)有了電動(dòng)汽車，所以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
4. Over the past decades, sea ice ______ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.(2009浙江卷)
A. had decreased
B. decreased
C. has been decreasing
D. is decreasing
【答案及解析】4. C 句意：在過去的幾十年中，由于全球變暖，北冰洋的海冰一直在減少。
5. — What do you think of the movie?
— It's fantastic.The only pity is that I ______ the beginning of it.(2009浙江卷)
A. missed
B. had missed
C. miss
D. would miss
【答案及解析】5. A 根據(jù)語境，“錯(cuò)過電影開頭”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，故用過去時(shí)。
動(dòng)詞的分類
動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的詞。動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣三種形式的變化。
1．動(dòng)詞按其能否獨(dú)立作謂語而分為：“謂語動(dòng)詞”和“非謂語動(dòng)詞”兩種。
2．動(dòng)詞的四種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。
3．動(dòng)詞按其構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組的作用可分為：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。
(1)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。還可分為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間動(dòng)詞；
(2)連系動(dòng)詞有兩種：一種表特征或狀態(tài)，另一種表狀態(tài)變化過程。
時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)
主動(dòng)語態(tài)(Active Voice )：在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：
The student wrote a song.
被動(dòng)語態(tài)(Passive Voice): 在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：
A song was written by the student.
主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)三步驟：
1. 原來的主語變?yōu)橘e語，其前加“by”；
2. 原來的(直接)賓語提前作主語；
3. 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng) be ＋ 過去分詞(be要變化)
如： Millions_of_people will watch the_final_match_on TV.
→The final match will be watched on TV by millions of people.
1. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)介詞固定搭配不能省略。如：
He has thought_of a way of solving the problem.
→A way of solving the problem has been thought_of.
2. break out/ happen/ take place/ arrive/ become/ die/
disappear, etc. 不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：
The accident which happened yesterday surprised me.
3. 主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)的若干情形。
(1)某些連系動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，如：look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel。
This kind of cloth feels soft.
My advice proved to be wrong.
(2)當(dāng)open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語的某種屬性時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。他們通常與can't, won't等連用。
The door won't shut.
(3)當(dāng)read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear等詞與well, easily, quickly 等副詞連用時(shí)，常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
The cloth washes well.
The poem reads smoothly.
(4)某些表示開始和結(jié)束的動(dòng)作(begin, start, finish, end, etc. )，當(dāng)主語是物且不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，可用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
The play ended at ten o'clock.
4. 非謂語動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況。
(1)不定式to blame, to let用作表語時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
Who is to blame? 該怪誰呢？
The house is to let. 此屋出租。
(2)在“be ＋形容詞＋to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
The question is difficult to answer.
(3)不定式用于某些動(dòng)詞的(have, have got, get, want, need)賓語后作定語時(shí)，當(dāng)不定式邏輯主語和句子的主語一致時(shí)就用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，若不一致，則需用被動(dòng)。
I have a letter to post. (自己寄)
I have a letter to be posted. (請(qǐng)別人寄)
易錯(cuò)易混點(diǎn)
