托福閱讀排除題解析 考察細節(jié)程序段落主題

　　我們大體可以把排除題分為三個考察方向：1 對最基本的細節(jié)信息理解的考察。2 對事件發(fā)展程序理解的考察。3 對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察。

　　一、對最基本的細節(jié)信息理解的考察

　　這里可以用更簡單的說法：從詞中選。 所謂從詞中選，就是可以在文章中找到幾個名詞，他們排列存在，共同構(gòu)成某一事件的所有細節(jié)。這時候，出題者會提取出其中三個，并在文章別處或者自編一個跟本事件并無關系的名詞（詞組）。

　　請看下面的例子：

　　In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NYs controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970s, whichcombined with Californias rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.

　　Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?

　　A. Rapid population growth

　　B. Inflation

　　C. Economic conditions duringwartime

　　D. Record-high housing prices

　　在這道排除題中，由于四個選項提供的信息都是用名詞詞組，我們可以斷定，段落中一定存在其中三個詞組，而題干中又出現(xiàn)地名Santa Monica, California. 故可將此地名作為關鍵詞，鎖定答案所在句子，然后逐一排除。而as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970s, which combinedwith Californias rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, . 這句話當中分別提到了A, B, D三個答案，所以答案為C.

　　二、對事件發(fā)展程序理解的考察

　　這類排除題，也可以叫做------從句中選。即考題所提供的答案均為相對比較完整的句子，那么其中有三句話，一定是表達了整個事件發(fā)展比較關鍵的幾個步驟，只有一句話與此步驟相悖。這類排除題通常比較耗費時間，考生需要準確判斷其事件發(fā)展步驟，甚至要通讀全段，才能找出正確選項。這里，我給大家提供一種在很大程度上節(jié)省時間的方法------點對點尋找。

　　請看下面的例子：

　　The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.

　　It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that

　　A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century

　　B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauce

　　C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices

　　D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce

　　對于這道題，題干中沒有任何指示性的詞匯，我們無法判斷是從事件的哪個階段入手，那么就只能每個答案逐一排除。仔細閱讀A選項，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項中有17th century， 故可以將其作為關鍵線索，去文中尋找，called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century 文中的這句話表明A不能作為正確答案。那么繼續(xù)看B， B選項中同時提到Malaysian 與Chinese. 則可以到文中去尋找兩個國籍名詞同時出現(xiàn)的句子，通過判斷， this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 這句話表明，B也不能作為正確答案。繼續(xù)看C，C 選項當中有Chinese, 還有seafood andspices，于是鎖定文中句子the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices, 故C也不是正確選項。至此，我們可以直接選擇D作為排除選項。

　　三、對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察

　　答題時注意看每個選項，尤其是當選項中出現(xiàn)了在該段落中沒有的詞句時，就可以考慮可能會有某個選項跟本段甚至整片文章的主題是相悖的。

　　請看下面例題：

　　Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.

　　Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?

　　A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.

　　B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.

　　C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.

　　D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.

　　這道題題干中提到的environmentalist是整個該段的主語，故不能作為關鍵信息詞。而發(fā)現(xiàn)A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中沒有提到。所以可以考慮某個答案與主題相悖。這類題目，也可以多關注段落中是否有表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞匯，例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以，稍加閱讀后，發(fā)現(xiàn)land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline 這句話當中出現(xiàn)rather than, 鎖定D選項中同樣的話語，剛好與原文觀點相反，所以選擇D.

　　我們大體可以把排除題分為三個考察方向：1 對最基本的細節(jié)信息理解的考察。2 對事件發(fā)展程序理解的考察。3 對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察。

　　一、對最基本的細節(jié)信息理解的考察

　　這里可以用更簡單的說法：從詞中選。 所謂從詞中選，就是可以在文章中找到幾個名詞，他們排列存在，共同構(gòu)成某一事件的所有細節(jié)。這時候，出題者會提取出其中三個，并在文章別處或者自編一個跟本事件并無關系的名詞（詞組）。

　　請看下面的例子：

　　In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NYs controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970s, whichcombined with Californias rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.

　　Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?

　　A. Rapid population growth

　　B. Inflation

　　C. Economic conditions duringwartime

　　D. Record-high housing prices

　　在這道排除題中，由于四個選項提供的信息都是用名詞詞組，我們可以斷定，段落中一定存在其中三個詞組，而題干中又出現(xiàn)地名Santa Monica, California. 故可將此地名作為關鍵詞，鎖定答案所在句子，然后逐一排除。而as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970s, which combinedwith Californias rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, . 這句話當中分別提到了A, B, D三個答案，所以答案為C.

　　二、對事件發(fā)展程序理解的考察

　　這類排除題，也可以叫做------從句中選。即考題所提供的答案均為相對比較完整的句子，那么其中有三句話，一定是表達了整個事件發(fā)展比較關鍵的幾個步驟，只有一句話與此步驟相悖。這類排除題通常比較耗費時間，考生需要準確判斷其事件發(fā)展步驟，甚至要通讀全段，才能找出正確選項。這里，我給大家提供一種在很大程度上節(jié)省時間的方法------點對點尋找。

　　請看下面的例子：

　　The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.

　　It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that

　　A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century

　　B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauce

　　C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices

　　D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce

　　對于這道題，題干中沒有任何指示性的詞匯，我們無法判斷是從事件的哪個階段入手，那么就只能每個答案逐一排除。仔細閱讀A選項，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項中有17th century， 故可以將其作為關鍵線索，去文中尋找，called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century 文中的這句話表明A不能作為正確答案。那么繼續(xù)看B， B選項中同時提到Malaysian 與Chinese. 則可以到文中去尋找兩個國籍名詞同時出現(xiàn)的句子，通過判斷， this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 這句話表明，B也不能作為正確答案。繼續(xù)看C，C 選項當中有Chinese, 還有seafood andspices，于是鎖定文中句子the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices, 故C也不是正確選項。至此，我們可以直接選擇D作為排除選項。

　　三、對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察

　　答題時注意看每個選項，尤其是當選項中出現(xiàn)了在該段落中沒有的詞句時，就可以考慮可能會有某個選項跟本段甚至整片文章的主題是相悖的。

　　請看下面例題：

　　Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.

　　Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?

　　A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.

　　B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.

　　C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.

　　D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.

　　這道題題干中提到的environmentalist是整個該段的主語，故不能作為關鍵信息詞。而發(fā)現(xiàn)A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中沒有提到。所以可以考慮某個答案與主題相悖。這類題目，也可以多關注段落中是否有表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞匯，例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以，稍加閱讀后，發(fā)現(xiàn)land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline 這句話當中出現(xiàn)rather than, 鎖定D選項中同樣的話語，剛好與原文觀點相反，所以選擇D.