高考語法:誤用介詞的三種類型
一、畫蛇添足型多用介詞
多用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將及物動詞誤用作不及物動詞,也可能是受相關結構的影響而用錯。如:
1. 她同她媽媽討論了她的計劃。
誤:She discussed about her plans with her mother.
正:She discussed her plans with her mother.
析:discuss(討論)是及物動詞,其后可直接跟被討論的東西作賓語,無需用介詞 about, on 等。注意:名詞形式的discussion(討論)后則可接介詞 about, on等,如:The students had a long discussion about [on] the problem. 學生們就這個問題討論了很久。
2. 他提到那次事故了嗎?
誤:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident?
析:mention(提及,談到),是及物動詞,后接賓語時無需用介詞。
3. 我看見他進了房間。
誤:I saw him enter into the room.
正:I saw him enter the room.
析:表示進入某一具體的場所、機構、建筑物等,enter是及物動詞,其后一般不接介詞 into。但是,若表示開始做某事、討論或研究或處理某事、進入某各狀態等,通常都用 enter into。如:He entered into business at the age of 25. 他25歲進入商界。
4. 她同一位醫生結了婚。
誤:She married with [to] a doctor.
正:She married a doctor.
析:表示與某人結婚,marry 是及物動詞,不要受漢語的影響,在其后誤加介詞 with 或 to。比較:be [get] married to sb (同某人結婚)中用介詞 to(仍不能按漢語意思用 with),這里的 married 可視為形容詞。
5. 我怎樣與你聯系?
誤:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you?
析:contact 是及物動詞,其意為與聯系,不要按漢語意思在其后誤加介詞 with。注:contact的賓語除了是人外,也可以是地點,如:I just contacted his office direct. 我直接跟他辦公室聯系了。順便說一句,contact偶爾也用作不及物動詞,其后不接賓語,意為聯系,如:We arranged to contact again as soon as possible. 我們盡快安排了再次聯系。但是要表示與聯系,contact便是及物的,其后無需用介詞。
6. 現在計算機也開始為農業服務了。
誤:Now computers have also begun serving for agriculture.
正:Now computers have also begun serving agriculture.
析:serve 作為服務解時,是及物動詞,后接賓語時無需用介詞。又如:We must serve the people heart and soul. 我們必須全心全意地為人民服務。
7. 誰管理這個工廠?
誤:Who controls over the factory?
正:Who controls the factory?
析:control 用作動詞,表示控制、管理等,均為及物動詞,其后不要受名詞用法的影響而誤加介詞 over。
8. 我問了她許多問題。
誤:I asked her a good many of questions.
正:I asked her a good many questions.
析:與 a lot of, a great number of, a great deal of 等結構不同,a great many 后接名詞時,通常不用介詞 of,除非其后的名詞帶有限定詞或是代詞,如:a great many of the students(許多學生),a great many of them (他們當中的許多人)。
9. 她用手掩面。
誤:She covered over her face with her hands.
正:She covered her face with her hands.
析:cover(覆蓋,蓋住)是及物動詞,其后用介詞 over是多余的。
10. 你要想賣掉你的產品,你就得為此登廣告。
誤:If you want to sell your product you must advertise for it.
正:If you want to sell your product you must advertise it.
析:advertise for sth (sb) 意為登廣告征求或尋找某物或某人(此時 advertise 是不及物動詞);若要表示為登廣告或登廣告宣傳,advertise 是及物動詞, 其后要直接跟被宣傳的東西作賓語。比較:The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 經理想登廣告招聘一位新秘書。
二、丟三落四型漏用介詞
漏用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將不及物動詞誤用作及物動詞,或是受相關結構的影響而用錯等。如:
1. 這事很難處理。
誤:This matter is difficult to deal.
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. (from www.nmet168.com)
析:表示對付、處理、對待、論述、與做生意等,用 deal with,其后的介詞 with 不能省。
2. 他不是個可靠的人。
誤:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on.
析:depend(依靠)是不及物動詞,若語義上需要接賓語,則須借助介詞 on, upon。又如:Whether the game will be played depends on the weather. 球賽是否進行要看天氣而定。
3. 他喝了一口茶,又接著講故事。
誤:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and went on with the story.
析:go on(繼續) 后可以接不定式(表示做完某事后接著做另一件事),也可動詞的-ing形式(表示繼續或不停地做一直在做的事),但是不能接名詞(接名詞時用 go on with)。
4. 我母親還把我當小孩看。
誤:My mother still regards me a child.
正:My mother still regards me as a child.
析:regard(看成,認為)通常不后接雙賓語,也不接不定式的復合結構,要表示類似意思,需借助介詞 as(注:此 as 后不僅可接名詞或代詞,也可接形容詞、介詞短語、分詞等),又如:We cant regard the matter as settled. 我們不能認為這事已經解決。I dont regard you as (being) dangerous. 我覺得你這個人并不危險。He regarded her as (being) without principles. 他認為她沒有原則。
5. 他們堅持要派車來接我們。
誤:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.
析:insist(堅持)后既不能接不定式也不能接動名詞,遇此情況應用 insist on [upon] doing sth。記住:insist 通常是個不及物動詞,若語義上需接賓語,要借助介詞 on, upon;有時它也用作及物動詞,但其賓語通常只能是 that 從句,而不能是名詞或代詞。
6. 他的話值得一聽。
誤:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he says is worth listening to.
析:主語從句 what he says 是 listen to 的邏輯賓語,故其中的介詞to不能省略。
三、張冠李戴型錯用介詞
錯用介詞的情況比較復雜,可能是受漢語意思的影響而錯,也可能是因弄不清搭配關系而錯,可能是混淆用法而錯,也可能是受相關結構的影響而錯,可能是忽略語境而錯,也可能是想當然地用錯。如:
1. 她昨天去了他的辦公室拜訪。
誤:She called on his office yesterday.
正:She called at his office yesterday.
析:call 表示拜訪時,要注意分清兩種清況。一般說來,表示拜訪某人,通常用call on sb,若表示去某地拜訪,則通常用 call at a place。順便說一句,有時可在 call 后加副詞 in (即說成 call in on sb 或 call in at a place)。
2. 他與一位護士訂了婚。
誤:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.
析:be engaged to sb意為與某人訂婚,注意不要按漢語習慣用介詞 with。注:有時也可用 be engaged to do sth,如上面一句也可說成:He is engaged to marry a nurse. / He is engaged to be married to a nurse.
3. 太陽從東方升起,從西方落下。
誤:The sun rises from in the east and sets from the west.
正:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
析:漢語說太陽從東方升起,實際上是太陽升起在東方,故用介詞 in。
4. 在警察的幫助下,我找回了我失去的東西。
誤:Under help of the police, I got back what I had lost.
正:Under help of the police, I got back what I had lost.
析:表示在某人的幫助下,英語用 with the help of sb,不要按漢語習慣用介詞 under。
5. 他在日本期間,參觀過許多地方。
誤:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.
正:While he was in Japan, he visited many places.
析:during是介詞,不是連詞,所以不用來引導句子。
6. 吃點水果吧。
誤:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.
析:help oneself to sth 是口語中常用表達,意為自行取用或隨意使用,注意其中用介詞 to,不能用 with。
7. 我們了解他的性格。
誤:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.
析:familiar(熟悉的)有以下兩類用法須注意:一是表示某人熟悉某事物,此時通常只用作表語,且在其后連用介詞 with; 二是表示某事物為某人所熟悉,此時可用作表語或定語,其后通常連用介詞 to。比較:We are familiar with the saying. 我們熟悉這條格言。The saying is familiar to us. 這條格言我們熟悉。
一、畫蛇添足型多用介詞
多用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將及物動詞誤用作不及物動詞,也可能是受相關結構的影響而用錯。如:
1. 她同她媽媽討論了她的計劃。
誤:She discussed about her plans with her mother.
正:She discussed her plans with her mother.
析:discuss(討論)是及物動詞,其后可直接跟被討論的東西作賓語,無需用介詞 about, on 等。注意:名詞形式的discussion(討論)后則可接介詞 about, on等,如:The students had a long discussion about [on] the problem. 學生們就這個問題討論了很久。
2. 他提到那次事故了嗎?
誤:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident?
析:mention(提及,談到),是及物動詞,后接賓語時無需用介詞。
3. 我看見他進了房間。
誤:I saw him enter into the room.
正:I saw him enter the room.
析:表示進入某一具體的場所、機構、建筑物等,enter是及物動詞,其后一般不接介詞 into。但是,若表示開始做某事、討論或研究或處理某事、進入某各狀態等,通常都用 enter into。如:He entered into business at the age of 25. 他25歲進入商界。
4. 她同一位醫生結了婚。
誤:She married with [to] a doctor.
正:She married a doctor.
析:表示與某人結婚,marry 是及物動詞,不要受漢語的影響,在其后誤加介詞 with 或 to。比較:be [get] married to sb (同某人結婚)中用介詞 to(仍不能按漢語意思用 with),這里的 married 可視為形容詞。
5. 我怎樣與你聯系?
誤:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you?
析:contact 是及物動詞,其意為與聯系,不要按漢語意思在其后誤加介詞 with。注:contact的賓語除了是人外,也可以是地點,如:I just contacted his office direct. 我直接跟他辦公室聯系了。順便說一句,contact偶爾也用作不及物動詞,其后不接賓語,意為聯系,如:We arranged to contact again as soon as possible. 我們盡快安排了再次聯系。但是要表示與聯系,contact便是及物的,其后無需用介詞。
6. 現在計算機也開始為農業服務了。
誤:Now computers have also begun serving for agriculture.
正:Now computers have also begun serving agriculture.
析:serve 作為服務解時,是及物動詞,后接賓語時無需用介詞。又如:We must serve the people heart and soul. 我們必須全心全意地為人民服務。
7. 誰管理這個工廠?
誤:Who controls over the factory?
正:Who controls the factory?
析:control 用作動詞,表示控制、管理等,均為及物動詞,其后不要受名詞用法的影響而誤加介詞 over。
一、畫蛇添足型多用介詞
多用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將及物動詞誤用作不及物動詞,也可能是受相關結構的影響而用錯。如:
1. 她同她媽媽討論了她的計劃。
誤:She discussed about her plans with her mother.
正:She discussed her plans with her mother.
析:discuss(討論)是及物動詞,其后可直接跟被討論的東西作賓語,無需用介詞 about, on 等。注意:名詞形式的discussion(討論)后則可接介詞 about, on等,如:The students had a long discussion about [on] the problem. 學生們就這個問題討論了很久。
2. 他提到那次事故了嗎?
誤:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident?
析:mention(提及,談到),是及物動詞,后接賓語時無需用介詞。
3. 我看見他進了房間。
誤:I saw him enter into the room.
正:I saw him enter the room.
析:表示進入某一具體的場所、機構、建筑物等,enter是及物動詞,其后一般不接介詞 into。但是,若表示開始做某事、討論或研究或處理某事、進入某各狀態等,通常都用 enter into。如:He entered into business at the age of 25. 他25歲進入商界。
4. 她同一位醫生結了婚。
誤:She married with [to] a doctor.
正:She married a doctor.
析:表示與某人結婚,marry 是及物動詞,不要受漢語的影響,在其后誤加介詞 with 或 to。比較:be [get] married to sb (同某人結婚)中用介詞 to(仍不能按漢語意思用 with),這里的 married 可視為形容詞。
5. 我怎樣與你聯系?
誤:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you?
析:contact 是及物動詞,其意為與聯系,不要按漢語意思在其后誤加介詞 with。注:contact的賓語除了是人外,也可以是地點,如:I just contacted his office direct. 我直接跟他辦公室聯系了。順便說一句,contact偶爾也用作不及物動詞,其后不接賓語,意為聯系,如:We arranged to contact again as soon as possible. 我們盡快安排了再次聯系。但是要表示與聯系,contact便是及物的,其后無需用介詞。
6. 現在計算機也開始為農業服務了。
誤:Now computers have also begun serving for agriculture.
正:Now computers have also begun serving agriculture.
析:serve 作為服務解時,是及物動詞,后接賓語時無需用介詞。又如:We must serve the people heart and soul. 我們必須全心全意地為人民服務。
7. 誰管理這個工廠?
誤:Who controls over the factory?
正:Who controls the factory?
析:control 用作動詞,表示控制、管理等,均為及物動詞,其后不要受名詞用法的影響而誤加介詞 over。
8. 我問了她許多問題。
誤:I asked her a good many of questions.
正:I asked her a good many questions.
析:與 a lot of, a great number of, a great deal of 等結構不同,a great many 后接名詞時,通常不用介詞 of,除非其后的名詞帶有限定詞或是代詞,如:a great many of the students(許多學生),a great many of them (他們當中的許多人)。
9. 她用手掩面。
誤:She covered over her face with her hands.
正:She covered her face with her hands.
析:cover(覆蓋,蓋住)是及物動詞,其后用介詞 over是多余的。
10. 你要想賣掉你的產品,你就得為此登廣告。
誤:If you want to sell your product you must advertise for it.
正:If you want to sell your product you must advertise it.
析:advertise for sth (sb) 意為登廣告征求或尋找某物或某人(此時 advertise 是不及物動詞);若要表示為登廣告或登廣告宣傳,advertise 是及物動詞, 其后要直接跟被宣傳的東西作賓語。比較:The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 經理想登廣告招聘一位新秘書。
二、丟三落四型漏用介詞
漏用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將不及物動詞誤用作及物動詞,或是受相關結構的影響而用錯等。如:
1. 這事很難處理。
誤:This matter is difficult to deal.
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. (from www.nmet168.com)
析:表示對付、處理、對待、論述、與做生意等,用 deal with,其后的介詞 with 不能省。
2. 他不是個可靠的人。
誤:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on.
析:depend(依靠)是不及物動詞,若語義上需要接賓語,則須借助介詞 on, upon。又如:Whether the game will be played depends on the weather. 球賽是否進行要看天氣而定。
3. 他喝了一口茶,又接著講故事。
誤:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and went on with the story.
析:go on(繼續) 后可以接不定式(表示做完某事后接著做另一件事),也可動詞的-ing形式(表示繼續或不停地做一直在做的事),但是不能接名詞(接名詞時用 go on with)。
4. 我母親還把我當小孩看。
誤:My mother still regards me a child.
正:My mother still regards me as a child.
析:regard(看成,認為)通常不后接雙賓語,也不接不定式的復合結構,要表示類似意思,需借助介詞 as(注:此 as 后不僅可接名詞或代詞,也可接形容詞、介詞短語、分詞等),又如:We cant regard the matter as settled. 我們不能認為這事已經解決。I dont regard you as (being) dangerous. 我覺得你這個人并不危險。He regarded her as (being) without principles. 他認為她沒有原則。
5. 他們堅持要派車來接我們。
誤:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.
析:insist(堅持)后既不能接不定式也不能接動名詞,遇此情況應用 insist on [upon] doing sth。記住:insist 通常是個不及物動詞,若語義上需接賓語,要借助介詞 on, upon;有時它也用作及物動詞,但其賓語通常只能是 that 從句,而不能是名詞或代詞。
6. 他的話值得一聽。
誤:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he says is worth listening to.
析:主語從句 what he says 是 listen to 的邏輯賓語,故其中的介詞to不能省略。
三、張冠李戴型錯用介詞
錯用介詞的情況比較復雜,可能是受漢語意思的影響而錯,也可能是因弄不清搭配關系而錯,可能是混淆用法而錯,也可能是受相關結構的影響而錯,可能是忽略語境而錯,也可能是想當然地用錯。如:
1. 她昨天去了他的辦公室拜訪。
誤:She called on his office yesterday.
正:She called at his office yesterday.
析:call 表示拜訪時,要注意分清兩種清況。一般說來,表示拜訪某人,通常用call on sb,若表示去某地拜訪,則通常用 call at a place。順便說一句,有時可在 call 后加副詞 in (即說成 call in on sb 或 call in at a place)。
2. 他與一位護士訂了婚。
誤:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.
析:be engaged to sb意為與某人訂婚,注意不要按漢語習慣用介詞 with。注:有時也可用 be engaged to do sth,如上面一句也可說成:He is engaged to marry a nurse. / He is engaged to be married to a nurse.
3. 太陽從東方升起,從西方落下。
誤:The sun rises from in the east and sets from the west.
正:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
析:漢語說太陽從東方升起,實際上是太陽升起在東方,故用介詞 in。
4. 在警察的幫助下,我找回了我失去的東西。
誤:Under help of the police, I got back what I had lost.
正:Under help of the police, I got back what I had lost.
析:表示在某人的幫助下,英語用 with the help of sb,不要按漢語習慣用介詞 under。
5. 他在日本期間,參觀過許多地方。
誤:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.
正:While he was in Japan, he visited many places.
析:during是介詞,不是連詞,所以不用來引導句子。
6. 吃點水果吧。
誤:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.
析:help oneself to sth 是口語中常用表達,意為自行取用或隨意使用,注意其中用介詞 to,不能用 with。
7. 我們了解他的性格。
誤:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.
析:familiar(熟悉的)有以下兩類用法須注意:一是表示某人熟悉某事物,此時通常只用作表語,且在其后連用介詞 with; 二是表示某事物為某人所熟悉,此時可用作表語或定語,其后通常連用介詞 to。比較:We are familiar with the saying. 我們熟悉這條格言。The saying is familiar to us. 這條格言我們熟悉。
一、畫蛇添足型多用介詞
多用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將及物動詞誤用作不及物動詞,也可能是受相關結構的影響而用錯。如:
1. 她同她媽媽討論了她的計劃。
誤:She discussed about her plans with her mother.
正:She discussed her plans with her mother.
析:discuss(討論)是及物動詞,其后可直接跟被討論的東西作賓語,無需用介詞 about, on 等。注意:名詞形式的discussion(討論)后則可接介詞 about, on等,如:The students had a long discussion about [on] the problem. 學生們就這個問題討論了很久。
2. 他提到那次事故了嗎?
誤:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident?
析:mention(提及,談到),是及物動詞,后接賓語時無需用介詞。
3. 我看見他進了房間。
誤:I saw him enter into the room.
正:I saw him enter the room.
析:表示進入某一具體的場所、機構、建筑物等,enter是及物動詞,其后一般不接介詞 into。但是,若表示開始做某事、討論或研究或處理某事、進入某各狀態等,通常都用 enter into。如:He entered into business at the age of 25. 他25歲進入商界。
4. 她同一位醫生結了婚。
誤:She married with [to] a doctor.
正:She married a doctor.
析:表示與某人結婚,marry 是及物動詞,不要受漢語的影響,在其后誤加介詞 with 或 to。比較:be [get] married to sb (同某人結婚)中用介詞 to(仍不能按漢語意思用 with),這里的 married 可視為形容詞。
5. 我怎樣與你聯系?
誤:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you?
析:contact 是及物動詞,其意為與聯系,不要按漢語意思在其后誤加介詞 with。注:contact的賓語除了是人外,也可以是地點,如:I just contacted his office direct. 我直接跟他辦公室聯系了。順便說一句,contact偶爾也用作不及物動詞,其后不接賓語,意為聯系,如:We arranged to contact again as soon as possible. 我們盡快安排了再次聯系。但是要表示與聯系,contact便是及物的,其后無需用介詞。
6. 現在計算機也開始為農業服務了。
誤:Now computers have also begun serving for agriculture.
正:Now computers have also begun serving agriculture.
析:serve 作為服務解時,是及物動詞,后接賓語時無需用介詞。又如:We must serve the people heart and soul. 我們必須全心全意地為人民服務。
7. 誰管理這個工廠?
誤:Who controls over the factory?
正:Who controls the factory?
析:control 用作動詞,表示控制、管理等,均為及物動詞,其后不要受名詞用法的影響而誤加介詞 over。