高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-定語(yǔ)從句常見錯(cuò)誤例析
定語(yǔ)從句常見錯(cuò)誤例析
一 . 誤用關(guān)系詞
1. I'll never forget the days when we spent together on the farm.
2. This is the factory where he was invited to visit last month.
分析:定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞或代詞時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞不一定都是 when 或 where .關(guān)系詞的選擇主要取決于定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞而且其后沒有賓語(yǔ),就用關(guān)系代詞 that 或 which 作賓語(yǔ)。如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞或者是后面已經(jīng)有了賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞,就用關(guān)系副詞。在句 1 和句 2 中,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 spent 和 visit 都是及物動(dòng)詞,而且后面又沒有賓語(yǔ),所以應(yīng)分別將 when 和 where 改為 that 或 which .
二 . 賓語(yǔ)重復(fù)
1. As we all know it, the earth is round.
2. The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see it carried out the next month.
分析:如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面就不能再有賓語(yǔ)。在句 1 中,關(guān)系代詞 as 作從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 know 的賓語(yǔ),因此, it 就是多余的,應(yīng)去掉。在句 2 中,關(guān)系代詞 that 在從句中作動(dòng)詞 see 的賓語(yǔ),因此 it 也是多余的,應(yīng)去掉。
三 . 缺少先行詞或關(guān)系詞
1. Is this park where his father works?
2. I went to the village they grew up.
分析:定語(yǔ)從句前面必須有先行詞和關(guān)系詞。在句 1 中,關(guān)系副詞 where 前缺少先行詞,所以應(yīng)在 where 前面加上先行詞 the one (代表 this park )。在句 2 中,先行詞 the village 和定語(yǔ)從句之間缺少關(guān)系詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 grew up 為不及物動(dòng)詞,所以應(yīng)在先行詞 the village 后面加上關(guān)系副詞 where .
四 . whose 的誤用
1. I live in a house whose the window faces south.
2. This is the student whose's parents died in the fire.
分析: whose 在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)將其放到被修飾的名詞前面,該名詞前不能再有其他限定詞。因此句 1 中應(yīng)去掉 window 前面的定冠詞 the .句 2 中的 whose's 是錯(cuò)誤的,因此應(yīng)去掉 s 。
五 . 忽略標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的作用
1. The old man has three sons, all of them are workers.
2. Don't carry the pan out of the kitchen, in that case you might have the house on fire.
分析:在使用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),如果主句和從句之間用了逗號(hào),就意味著逗號(hào)后面是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如果關(guān)系詞出現(xiàn)在介詞的后面,則應(yīng)為關(guān)系代詞 whom, whose (指人)或 which (指物),不應(yīng)該為 that 或 them .因此句 1 中的 them 應(yīng)改為 whom ,句 2 中的 that 應(yīng)改為 which .
六 . 錯(cuò)認(rèn)先行詞
1. I was the only one in the office that was invited to the party.
2. Do you remember one afternoon in America where a terrible earthquake took place?
分析:一般來(lái)說(shuō),先行詞后面緊跟著關(guān)系詞,其次再跟定語(yǔ)從句。但有時(shí)出于意思上的需要而在先行詞和關(guān)系詞之間插入了其他成分。在這種情況下確定哪一個(gè)是先行詞,便是正確理解句子的關(guān)鍵。在句 1 中,先行詞是 the only one 而不是 the office .因此應(yīng)將 that 改為 who ,以免引起誤解。在句 2 中,先行詞是 one afternoon 而不是 America ,故應(yīng)將 where 改為 when .
七 . 不注重固定搭配
1. Such person like him can't be depended on.
2. He went to the same university which his brother did.
分析:當(dāng)先行詞被 such 或 the same 修飾時(shí),其后的定語(yǔ)從句常由 as 引導(dǎo),因此, such as 和 the same as 是固定搭配。所以,應(yīng)將句中 1 中的 like 改為 as ;將句 2 中的 which 改為 as .
八 . 主謂不一致
1. I, who is your brother, have the right to prevent you from doing that.
2. She is one of the students who has passed the exam this time.
分析:定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和先行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。句 1 中的先行詞是 I ,因此定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 is 應(yīng)改為 am .但當(dāng)先行詞是 one of 后面的 the students 時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果 one 前面有 the only , the very , the last 修飾,則說(shuō)明先行詞是 one ,定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為單數(shù)形式。因此,句 2 中的 has 應(yīng)改為 have 或在 one 前面加修飾語(yǔ) the only 或 the very .
九 . 與其它從句混淆
1. This is the house in which he lives.
2. This is the house where he lives.
3. This is where he lives.
4. This is in which he lives.
分析:這四個(gè)句子中,前三個(gè)句子是對(duì)的。第四個(gè)句子是錯(cuò)的,因?yàn)?in which 不能在此句中引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。由于 in which 前面缺少先行詞,因此也不能認(rèn)為 in which he lives 是定語(yǔ)從句。
十 . 誤用 as 和 which
1. Bamboo is hollow, as makes it very light.
2. Which we all know, the earth is round.
分析: as 和 which 用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它們之間的區(qū)別在于:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的 as 可以放到主句前面也可以放到主句后面,而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的 which 只能放到主句后面。 as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句表示正像那樣,正如。例如: as is often the case (這是常有的事), as we all can see (我們可以看得見), as is known to all (大家都知道), as has been pointed out (正如所指出的那樣), as is announced (正如所宣布的那樣)。因此句 1 中的 as 應(yīng)改為 which , which 在意思上指前面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容,如果用 as ,無(wú)論從意思上看還是搭配上看都不對(duì);句 2 中的 which 應(yīng)改為 as .
定語(yǔ)從句常見錯(cuò)誤例析
一 . 誤用關(guān)系詞
1. I'll never forget the days when we spent together on the farm.
2. This is the factory where he was invited to visit last month.
分析:定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞或代詞時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞不一定都是 when 或 where .關(guān)系詞的選擇主要取決于定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞而且其后沒有賓語(yǔ),就用關(guān)系代詞 that 或 which 作賓語(yǔ)。如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞或者是后面已經(jīng)有了賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞,就用關(guān)系副詞。在句 1 和句 2 中,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 spent 和 visit 都是及物動(dòng)詞,而且后面又沒有賓語(yǔ),所以應(yīng)分別將 when 和 where 改為 that 或 which .
二 . 賓語(yǔ)重復(fù)
1. As we all know it, the earth is round.
2. The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see it carried out the next month.
分析:如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面就不能再有賓語(yǔ)。在句 1 中,關(guān)系代詞 as 作從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 know 的賓語(yǔ),因此, it 就是多余的,應(yīng)去掉。在句 2 中,關(guān)系代詞 that 在從句中作動(dòng)詞 see 的賓語(yǔ),因此 it 也是多余的,應(yīng)去掉。
三 . 缺少先行詞或關(guān)系詞
1. Is this park where his father works?
2. I went to the village they grew up.
分析:定語(yǔ)從句前面必須有先行詞和關(guān)系詞。在句 1 中,關(guān)系副詞 where 前缺少先行詞,所以應(yīng)在 where 前面加上先行詞 the one (代表 this park )。在句 2 中,先行詞 the village 和定語(yǔ)從句之間缺少關(guān)系詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 grew up 為不及物動(dòng)詞,所以應(yīng)在先行詞 the village 后面加上關(guān)系副詞 where .
四 . whose 的誤用
1. I live in a house whose the window faces south.
2. This is the student whose's parents died in the fire.
分析: whose 在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)將其放到被修飾的名詞前面,該名詞前不能再有其他限定詞。因此句 1 中應(yīng)去掉 window 前面的定冠詞 the .句 2 中的 whose's 是錯(cuò)誤的,因此應(yīng)去掉 s 。
五 . 忽略標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的作用
1. The old man has three sons, all of them are workers.
2. Don't carry the pan out of the kitchen, in that case you might have the house on fire.
分析:在使用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),如果主句和從句之間用了逗號(hào),就意味著逗號(hào)后面是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如果關(guān)系詞出現(xiàn)在介詞的后面,則應(yīng)為關(guān)系代詞 whom, whose (指人)或 which (指物),不應(yīng)該為 that 或 them .因此句 1 中的 them 應(yīng)改為 whom ,句 2 中的 that 應(yīng)改為 which .
六 . 錯(cuò)認(rèn)先行詞
1. I was the only one in the office that was invited to the party.
2. Do you remember one afternoon in America where a terrible earthquake took place?
分析:一般來(lái)說(shuō),先行詞后面緊跟著關(guān)系詞,其次再跟定語(yǔ)從句。但有時(shí)出于意思上的需要而在先行詞和關(guān)系詞之間插入了其他成分。在這種情況下確定哪一個(gè)是先行詞,便是正確理解句子的關(guān)鍵。在句 1 中,先行詞是 the only one 而不是 the office .因此應(yīng)將 that 改為 who ,以免引起誤解。在句 2 中,先行詞是 one afternoon 而不是 America ,故應(yīng)將 where 改為 when .
七 . 不注重固定搭配
1. Such person like him can't be depended on.
2. He went to the same university which his brother did.
分析:當(dāng)先行詞被 such 或 the same 修飾時(shí),其后的定語(yǔ)從句常由 as 引導(dǎo),因此, such as 和 the same as 是固定搭配。所以,應(yīng)將句中 1 中的 like 改為 as ;將句 2 中的 which 改為 as .
八 . 主謂不一致
1. I, who is your brother, have the right to prevent you from doing that.
2. She is one of the students who has passed the exam this time.
分析:定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和先行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。句 1 中的先行詞是 I ,因此定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 is 應(yīng)改為 am .但當(dāng)先行詞是 one of 后面的 the students 時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果 one 前面有 the only , the very , the last 修飾,則說(shuō)明先行詞是 one ,定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為單數(shù)形式。因此,句 2 中的 has 應(yīng)改為 have 或在 one 前面加修飾語(yǔ) the only 或 the very .
九 . 與其它從句混淆
1. This is the house in which he lives.
2. This is the house where he lives.
3. This is where he lives.
4. This is in which he lives.
分析:這四個(gè)句子中,前三個(gè)句子是對(duì)的。第四個(gè)句子是錯(cuò)的,因?yàn)?in which 不能在此句中引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。由于 in which 前面缺少先行詞,因此也不能認(rèn)為 in which he lives 是定語(yǔ)從句。
十 . 誤用 as 和 which
1. Bamboo is hollow, as makes it very light.
2. Which we all know, the earth is round.
分析: as 和 which 用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它們之間的區(qū)別在于:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的 as 可以放到主句前面也可以放到主句后面,而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的 which 只能放到主句后面。 as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句表示正像那樣,正如。例如: as is often the case (這是常有的事), as we all can see (我們可以看得見), as is known to all (大家都知道), as has been pointed out (正如所指出的那樣), as is announced (正如所宣布的那樣)。因此句 1 中的 as 應(yīng)改為 which , which 在意思上指前面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容,如果用 as ,無(wú)論從意思上看還是搭配上看都不對(duì);句 2 中的 which 應(yīng)改為 as .