職稱英語綜合類閱讀理解英文及譯文克隆農場
克隆農場
工業化農場很快會進入一個大產量的新領域。美國的公司正在開發一項需要大規模克隆小雞的技術。一旦一個具有所期望特性的小雞被孵化出來或被基因改造，每小時成千上萬的雞蛋會孵出如出一轍的小雞滾下生產線。每年上百萬的克隆小雞能被孵化出來，從而為雞場提供以相同比例生長，重量相同并且味道相同的小雞。
這至少是美國國家科技院的夢想，科技院給OnrigenTherapeuticsofBurlinggame,California，以及EmbrexofNorthCaroling470萬基金以資助研究。這個預想為擔憂增加雞場小雞痛苦的動物福利組織拉響了警報。
那好像并沒有讓使家禽養殖業氣餒，然而，他們想使抗痛小雞吃得更少，長得更快，養殖者希望減少投入但仍獲得相同的產量，MikeFitzgeraldofOrigen說，為了達到這個要求，Origen致力于制造一個有效克隆體的小雞，他說，正常的克隆技術對鳥類無效，因為卵不能被移動或移植。然而，公司正試圖大量繁殖剛產下的受精卵中提取的胚胎的干細胞。技巧是在細胞開始顯示其差別前對其進行培育，這樣它們還保持多能性。Fitzgerald說。
運用早已形成的技術，這些干細胞會被注入剛孵出的，已受精的，要接受細胞植入的雞蛋的胚胎中，形成一個嵌合體的小雞。嚴格地說，嵌合體的小雞不是克隆雞，因為它既有植入的細胞又有本身的細胞。但Fitzgerald說，如果小雞身體的95%是由被植入的細胞發展而來的就足夠了。在家禽界，不是100%也沒關系。
Origen面臨的另一個挑戰是提高生產量。為了做到這點，他和Embrex合作研制了一個可將疫苗注入50000個雞蛋中的儀器。Embrex正試圖改造那個儀器，從而使胚胎和注射的細胞落在準確的位置而不殺死它。
在將來，Origen設想將不同品種小雞的干細胞冷凍，如果定單要某一種小雞，成百萬的卵能在幾個月甚至幾個星期被生產出來，目前，維持市場可能需要的各種小雞對養殖者來說太昂貴了，那要花數年的時間培育足夠多的小雞以生產出農民需要的上百萬雞蛋。
Clone Farm
Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production. Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to clone chickens on a massive scale. Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies, could roll off the production lines every hour. Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.
This, at least, is the vision of the USs National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fund research. The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.
Thats unlikely to put off the poultry industry, however, which wants disease resistant birds that grow faster on less food. Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there, says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen. To meet this demand, Origen aims to create an animal that is effectively a clone, he says. Normal cloning doesnt work in birds because eggs cant be removed and implanted, Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow embryonic stem cells taken from fertilized eggs as soon as theyre laid. The trick is to culture the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent, says Fitzgerald.
Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg, forming a chick that is a chimera. Strictly speaking a chimera isnt a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient. But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chickens body develops from donor cells. In the poultry world, it doesnt matter if its not 100 percent, he says.
Another challenge for Origen is to scale up production. To do this, it has teamed up with Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs an hour. Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.
In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken. If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks. At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and it takes years to bread enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.
克隆農場
工業化農場很快會進入一個大產量的新領域。美國的公司正在開發一項需要大規模克隆小雞的技術。一旦一個具有所期望特性的小雞被孵化出來或被基因改造，每小時成千上萬的雞蛋會孵出如出一轍的小雞滾下生產線。每年上百萬的克隆小雞能被孵化出來，從而為雞場提供以相同比例生長，重量相同并且味道相同的小雞。
這至少是美國國家科技院的夢想，科技院給OnrigenTherapeuticsofBurlinggame,California，以及EmbrexofNorthCaroling470萬基金以資助研究。這個預想為擔憂增加雞場小雞痛苦的動物福利組織拉響了警報。
那好像并沒有讓使家禽養殖業氣餒，然而，他們想使抗痛小雞吃得更少，長得更快，養殖者希望減少投入但仍獲得相同的產量，MikeFitzgeraldofOrigen說，為了達到這個要求，Origen致力于制造一個有效克隆體的小雞，他說，正常的克隆技術對鳥類無效，因為卵不能被移動或移植。然而，公司正試圖大量繁殖剛產下的受精卵中提取的胚胎的干細胞。技巧是在細胞開始顯示其差別前對其進行培育，這樣它們還保持多能性。Fitzgerald說。
運用早已形成的技術，這些干細胞會被注入剛孵出的，已受精的，要接受細胞植入的雞蛋的胚胎中，形成一個嵌合體的小雞。嚴格地說，嵌合體的小雞不是克隆雞，因為它既有植入的細胞又有本身的細胞。但Fitzgerald說，如果小雞身體的95%是由被植入的細胞發展而來的就足夠了。在家禽界，不是100%也沒關系。
Origen面臨的另一個挑戰是提高生產量。為了做到這點，他和Embrex合作研制了一個可將疫苗注入50000個雞蛋中的儀器。Embrex正試圖改造那個儀器，從而使胚胎和注射的細胞落在準確的位置而不殺死它。
在將來，Origen設想將不同品種小雞的干細胞冷凍，如果定單要某一種小雞，成百萬的卵能在幾個月甚至幾個星期被生產出來，目前，維持市場可能需要的各種小雞對養殖者來說太昂貴了，那要花數年的時間培育足夠多的小雞以生產出農民需要的上百萬雞蛋。
Clone Farm
Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production. Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to clone chickens on a massive scale. Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies, could roll off the production lines every hour. Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.
This, at least, is the vision of the USs National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fund research. The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.
Thats unlikely to put off the poultry industry, however, which wants disease resistant birds that grow faster on less food. Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there, says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen. To meet this demand, Origen aims to create an animal that is effectively a clone, he says. Normal cloning doesnt work in birds because eggs cant be removed and implanted, Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow embryonic stem cells taken from fertilized eggs as soon as theyre laid. The trick is to culture the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent, says Fitzgerald.
Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg, forming a chick that is a chimera. Strictly speaking a chimera isnt a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient. But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chickens body develops from donor cells. In the poultry world, it doesnt matter if its not 100 percent, he says.
Another challenge for Origen is to scale up production. To do this, it has teamed up with Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs an hour. Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.
In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken. If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks. At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and it takes years to bread enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.
