GRE Argument寫作特點及破解步驟
縱觀整個GRE寫作考試，似乎應該概括為Issue讓我們變得廣博，Argument讓我們成為辯手，那么，GRE Argument寫作是什么?下面我們來分析一下GRE Argument寫作特點、破題步驟、寫作步驟及論證方法。
一. GRE Argument寫作特點
What is an Argument?
A strong argument attempts to persuade the reader to accept a point ofview. As such, it consists of a proposition, a declarative statement which iscapable of being argued, and a proof, a reason or ground which is supported byevidence. The evidence, in turn, is composed of relevant facts, opinions basedon facts and careful reasoning. If you are analyzing an argument, you shouldlook for both of these: a proposition and the evidence supporting theproposition.
Attack the Argument
Each arguments stimulus has been intentionallyloaded with flaws that you should acknowledge anddiscuss. If you fail to see the more fundamental problems in the argument, youwill not get a high score.
The purpose of the essay is for you to critique the reasoningin the argument . Yourpersonal opinions are not relevant. Your essay needs to focus on flaws in theargument. While in the Analysis of Issue you write your opinion on a subject,in the Analysis of Argument you write a logical critique of a flawed argument.Thus, the approaches to the two essays should be different.
縱觀整個GRE作文考試，似乎應該概括為Issue讓我們變得廣博，Argument讓我們成為辯手，因為我喜歡辯論，過去參加辯論賽是和人在進行辯論，現在講GRE，是在和一篇又一篇的文章進行文字辯論，他們之間存在極大的共性，那么如何 去辯，如何讓我們能如同當年在辯論賽上征服對方辯手一樣地去征服GRE的Argument寫作呢?
ETS對這部分的要求體現在：
第一，要求考試敏銳的洞察出一篇文章的主要的幾點邏輯錯誤;
第二，既然是攻擊對方文章的邏輯錯誤，那么考生本生所寫的文章要有邏輯性，或者說邏輯合理性;
第三，一篇Argument的用詞用句有他特定的風格，因此 考生要選擇準確恰當的詞句表達。Argument的結構比較固定，易于掌握，一般都能寫出個標準的經典5段式，為了寫好這種模式，這種文章的關鍵是抓住邏輯錯誤，這是拿到高分的第一點，最重要的一點。如果寫了很多，沒抓住要害，語言再好也拿不到高分。攻擊的語言可以不專業化，但是抓住錯誤最關鍵。如果 文字色彩很專業化，可以表現出邏輯修養，攻擊的很地道，當然可以增加分值，寫作時間為30分鐘。好，下面我們從ETS的的Argument寫作要求以及 ETS提供的范文入手，來詳細的看看如何寫作Argument。
二.GRE Argument 破題步驟
第一步：通過特征詞確定邏輯錯誤類型琣 c v _
例如：表因果的： lead to , cause, result in
表比較的： compare to ; as. as
第二步：判斷邏輯，進行推理;找出結論，分清層次
A)每一個小的ARGUMENT都在完成一個貌似很有道理的由因到果的演 繹，或是執果索因的歸因。嚴重的錯誤往往是發生在推理過程中的，當然有的題目其結果本身也存在著錯誤，但這些錯誤遠不及推理錯誤致命。 ]1Z2@ J r T)a e瑌 R
B) ARGUMENT也符合一般文章的結構行文，總分總的情況很多很多，關于分的部分也多是原因的并列，原因的步步逼近。
C) ARGUMENT的結論一般很明顯，最常見的就是therefore、Thus、Consequently等等。
第三步：攻擊各個邏輯，確定攻擊要點和優先級
例如：類比 》 因果 》 數據 》 調查
三.GRE Argument寫作步驟及論證方法
. 寫作步驟：
第一段： 開頭段。主要是歸納論點，說明論點有問題，存在邏輯漏洞，準備發起進。
第一層：This argument concludes/recommends/argues that
第二層：To support this conclusion the writer cites/points out that
第三層：However, this argument suffers from several critical flaws and is thereforeunconvincing/ unpersuasive as it stands.
第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分類別去攻擊各個邏輯錯誤。
One problem with the argument is that, the editorialobserves a correlation between and , then concludes that the former is thecause of the latter. However, the editorial fails to rule out other possibleexplanations forFor example, Any of these factors, or other social, politicalor economic factors, might lead toWithout ruling out all other such factors itis unfair to conclude that
第五段： 結尾段。作者的結論似乎是合理的，但是通過論證，不是這樣的。因此作者在做出決定之前，應該還要考慮其他情況。我們通過一篇文章作為實例來介紹Argument的論證步驟和論證方法以及文章結構。
In the final analysis, the letters author fails to adequately support therecommendation thatTo bolster the argument, the arguer must provide detaileddemographic/statistical evidence showing thatThe author must also provideevidence--perhaps by way of a reliable surveythat
. 論證方法:
Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehiclestraveling on the regions highways by ten miles per hour. Since that changetook effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville,remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly during the samesix-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce thenumber of automobile accidents on the regions highways, they should campaignto reduce Forestvilles speed limit to what it was before the increase.
簡單翻譯：6個月前，Forestville地區提高了本地區公路上的最高時速限制，比原先提高了10公里。由于這個變化的影響，本地區車禍的數量提高了 15%。但是，Elmsford地區并沒有改變最高時速限制，它的車禍數量在同樣的6個月里，反而有少量的減少。因 此，如果Forestville市民想要減少公路上的車禍數量，他們應該想辦法將本地區的最高時速限制減少到改變前的狀態。
分析題目：找到原題邏輯結構關系
論據： F地區提高最高時速限制 10公里 ------〉 車禍發生率增加15%
E地區沒有改變最高時速限制------〉少量的減少
結論： F地區如果想要減少車禍，就要恢復到原來的最高時速限制。
大家注意我們一定要搞清結論是什么，這一點我們可以通過信號性標志詞來判斷：thus, therefore,so, consequently等等。
The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town withthe higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region ofElmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, theargument for reducing Forestvilles speed limits in order to decrease accidentsseems logical.
第二段：第一輪攻擊
攻擊點：可能有其他原因，造成提高限速后車禍的增加。
論證結構：總--分--總
However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possiblealternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit.
Such alternatives mayinclude the fact that there are less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or that the agebracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to driving safely. It ispossible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafedrivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford.
In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographicaland physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Forestvilles highwayis in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersectionsor merging points where accidents are more likely to occur.
It appears reasonable,therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce thespeed in the entire area. Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditionswhere accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.
這種 首句題出本段論點，然后，展開解釋的寫作方法，實用簡單，為廣大考生所采用，也是ETS閱卷人最喜歡的句子結構，一目了然。
A six-month period is not a particularly long time framefor the citizens to determine that speed limit has influenced the number ofautomobile accidents in the area. It is mentioned in the argument that Elmsfordaccidents decreased during the time period. This may have been a time, such asduring harsh weather conditions, when less people were driving on the road and therefore the number ofaccidents decreased. However, Forestville citizens, perhaps coerced byemployment or other requirements, were unable to avoid driving on the roads.
，但是，F地區，可能因為工作或者其他原因，被迫駕車外出。
Again, the demographics of thepopulation are important. It is possible that Elmsford citizens do not have totravel far from work or work from their home, or do not work at all. Are theremore people in Forestville than there were sic months ago? If so, there may bean increased number of accidents due to more automobiles on the road, and notdue to the increased speed limits.
Also in reference to theactivities of the population, it is possible that Forestville inhabitants weretraveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or duringtwilight. Work or family habits may have encouraged citizens to drive duringthis time when Elmsford residents may not have been forced to do so.
Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestvillesspeed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since thecitizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect theirsafety.
However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction inspeed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville should evaluate allpossible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over thesix-month period as compared to Elmsford.
個人認為這個不失為一種較好的結尾模板形式。
下面看看ETS的評價，你們有什么收獲呢?
This outstanding essay begins by noting that the argument seemslogical. It then proceeds to discuss possible alternative explanationsfor the increase in car accidents and provides an impressively full analysis.Alternatives mentioned are that：
對于文章內容方面的評價:
-- the two regions might have drivers of different ages and experience;
-- Forestvilles topography, geography, cars, and/or roads might
contribute to accidents;
-- six months might be an insufficient amount of time for determining
that the speed limit is linked to the accident rate;
-- demographics might play a role in auto accidents;
-- population and auto density should be considered; and
-- the times of day when drivers in the two regions travel might be relevant.
對于文章結構方面的評價:
The points are cogently developed and are linked in such a way as to create alogically organized essay. Transitions together with interior connectionscreate a smoothly integrated presentation.
對于文章文采方面的評價:
For the most part, the writer uses language correctly and well and providesexcellent variety in syntax. The minor flaws do not detract from the overall high quality ofthe critique. This is an impressive 6 paper.
文章分析完了，基本上大家對GRE Argument寫作有了一個清晰的了解了吧。祝大家都能取得GRE寫作高分!
縱觀整個GRE寫作考試，似乎應該概括為Issue讓我們變得廣博，Argument讓我們成為辯手，那么，GRE Argument寫作是什么?下面我們來分析一下GRE Argument寫作特點、破題步驟、寫作步驟及論證方法。
一. GRE Argument寫作特點
What is an Argument?
A strong argument attempts to persuade the reader to accept a point ofview. As such, it consists of a proposition, a declarative statement which iscapable of being argued, and a proof, a reason or ground which is supported byevidence. The evidence, in turn, is composed of relevant facts, opinions basedon facts and careful reasoning. If you are analyzing an argument, you shouldlook for both of these: a proposition and the evidence supporting theproposition.
Attack the Argument
Each arguments stimulus has been intentionallyloaded with flaws that you should acknowledge anddiscuss. If you fail to see the more fundamental problems in the argument, youwill not get a high score.
The purpose of the essay is for you to critique the reasoningin the argument . Yourpersonal opinions are not relevant. Your essay needs to focus on flaws in theargument. While in the Analysis of Issue you write your opinion on a subject,in the Analysis of Argument you write a logical critique of a flawed argument.Thus, the approaches to the two essays should be different.
縱觀整個GRE作文考試，似乎應該概括為Issue讓我們變得廣博，Argument讓我們成為辯手，因為我喜歡辯論，過去參加辯論賽是和人在進行辯論，現在講GRE，是在和一篇又一篇的文章進行文字辯論，他們之間存在極大的共性，那么如何 去辯，如何讓我們能如同當年在辯論賽上征服對方辯手一樣地去征服GRE的Argument寫作呢?
ETS對這部分的要求體現在：
第一，要求考試敏銳的洞察出一篇文章的主要的幾點邏輯錯誤;
第二，既然是攻擊對方文章的邏輯錯誤，那么考生本生所寫的文章要有邏輯性，或者說邏輯合理性;
第三，一篇Argument的用詞用句有他特定的風格，因此 考生要選擇準確恰當的詞句表達。Argument的結構比較固定，易于掌握，一般都能寫出個標準的經典5段式，為了寫好這種模式，這種文章的關鍵是抓住邏輯錯誤，這是拿到高分的第一點，最重要的一點。如果寫了很多，沒抓住要害，語言再好也拿不到高分。攻擊的語言可以不專業化，但是抓住錯誤最關鍵。如果 文字色彩很專業化，可以表現出邏輯修養，攻擊的很地道，當然可以增加分值，寫作時間為30分鐘。好，下面我們從ETS的的Argument寫作要求以及 ETS提供的范文入手，來詳細的看看如何寫作Argument。
二.GRE Argument 破題步驟
第一步：通過特征詞確定邏輯錯誤類型琣 c v _
例如：表因果的： lead to , cause, result in
表比較的： compare to ; as. as
第二步：判斷邏輯，進行推理;找出結論，分清層次
A)每一個小的ARGUMENT都在完成一個貌似很有道理的由因到果的演 繹，或是執果索因的歸因。嚴重的錯誤往往是發生在推理過程中的，當然有的題目其結果本身也存在著錯誤，但這些錯誤遠不及推理錯誤致命。 ]1Z2@ J r T)a e瑌 R
B) ARGUMENT也符合一般文章的結構行文，總分總的情況很多很多，關于分的部分也多是原因的并列，原因的步步逼近。
C) ARGUMENT的結論一般很明顯，最常見的就是therefore、Thus、Consequently等等。
第三步：攻擊各個邏輯，確定攻擊要點和優先級
例如：類比 》 因果 》 數據 》 調查
三.GRE Argument寫作步驟及論證方法
. 寫作步驟：
第一段： 開頭段。主要是歸納論點，說明論點有問題，存在邏輯漏洞，準備發起進。
第一層：This argument concludes/recommends/argues that
第二層：To support this conclusion the writer cites/points out that
第三層：However, this argument suffers from several critical flaws and is thereforeunconvincing/ unpersuasive as it stands.
第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分類別去攻擊各個邏輯錯誤。
One problem with the argument is that, the editorialobserves a correlation between and , then concludes that the former is thecause of the latter. However, the editorial fails to rule out other possibleexplanations forFor example, Any of these factors, or other social, politicalor economic factors, might lead toWithout ruling out all other such factors itis unfair to conclude that
第五段： 結尾段。作者的結論似乎是合理的，但是通過論證，不是這樣的。因此作者在做出決定之前，應該還要考慮其他情況。我們通過一篇文章作為實例來介紹Argument的論證步驟和論證方法以及文章結構。
In the final analysis, the letters author fails to adequately support therecommendation thatTo bolster the argument, the arguer must provide detaileddemographic/statistical evidence showing thatThe author must also provideevidence--perhaps by way of a reliable surveythat
. 論證方法:
Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehiclestraveling on the regions highways by ten miles per hour. Since that changetook effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville,remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly during the samesix-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce thenumber of automobile accidents on the regions highways, they should campaignto reduce Forestvilles speed limit to what it was before the increase.
簡單翻譯：6個月前，Forestville地區提高了本地區公路上的最高時速限制，比原先提高了10公里。由于這個變化的影響，本地區車禍的數量提高了 15%。但是，Elmsford地區并沒有改變最高時速限制，它的車禍數量在同樣的6個月里，反而有少量的減少。因 此，如果Forestville市民想要減少公路上的車禍數量，他們應該想辦法將本地區的最高時速限制減少到改變前的狀態。
分析題目：找到原題邏輯結構關系
論據： F地區提高最高時速限制 10公里 ------〉 車禍發生率增加15%
E地區沒有改變最高時速限制------〉少量的減少
結論： F地區如果想要減少車禍，就要恢復到原來的最高時速限制。
大家注意我們一定要搞清結論是什么，這一點我們可以通過信號性標志詞來判斷：thus, therefore,so, consequently等等。
The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town withthe higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region ofElmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, theargument for reducing Forestvilles speed limits in order to decrease accidentsseems logical.
第二段：第一輪攻擊
攻擊點：可能有其他原因，造成提高限速后車禍的增加。
論證結構：總--分--總
However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possiblealternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit.
Such alternatives mayinclude the fact that there are less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or that the agebracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to driving safely. It ispossible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafedrivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford.
In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographicaland physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Forestvilles highwayis in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersectionsor merging points where accidents are more likely to occur.
It appears reasonable,therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce thespeed in the entire area. Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditionswhere accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.
這種 首句題出本段論點，然后，展開解釋的寫作方法，實用簡單，為廣大考生所采用，也是ETS閱卷人最喜歡的句子結構，一目了然。
A six-month period is not a particularly long time framefor the citizens to determine that speed limit has influenced the number ofautomobile accidents in the area. It is mentioned in the argument that Elmsfordaccidents decreased during the time period. This may have been a time, such asduring harsh weather conditions, when less people were driving on the road and therefore the number ofaccidents decreased. However, Forestville citizens, perhaps coerced byemployment or other requirements, were unable to avoid driving on the roads.
，但是，F地區，可能因為工作或者其他原因，被迫駕車外出。
Again, the demographics of thepopulation are important. It is possible that Elmsford citizens do not have totravel far from work or work from their home, or do not work at all. Are theremore people in Forestville than there were sic months ago? If so, there may bean increased number of accidents due to more automobiles on the road, and notdue to the increased speed limits.
Also in reference to theactivities of the population, it is possible that Forestville inhabitants weretraveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or duringtwilight. Work or family habits may have encouraged citizens to drive duringthis time when Elmsford residents may not have been forced to do so.
Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestvillesspeed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since thecitizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect theirsafety.
However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction inspeed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville should evaluate allpossible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over thesix-month period as compared to Elmsford.
個人認為這個不失為一種較好的結尾模板形式。
下面看看ETS的評價，你們有什么收獲呢?
This outstanding essay begins by noting that the argument seemslogical. It then proceeds to discuss possible alternative explanationsfor the increase in car accidents and provides an impressively full analysis.Alternatives mentioned are that：
對于文章內容方面的評價:
-- the two regions might have drivers of different ages and experience;
-- Forestvilles topography, geography, cars, and/or roads might
contribute to accidents;
-- six months might be an insufficient amount of time for determining
that the speed limit is linked to the accident rate;
-- demographics might play a role in auto accidents;
-- population and auto density should be considered; and
-- the times of day when drivers in the two regions travel might be relevant.
對于文章結構方面的評價:
The points are cogently developed and are linked in such a way as to create alogically organized essay. Transitions together with interior connectionscreate a smoothly integrated presentation.
對于文章文采方面的評價:
For the most part, the writer uses language correctly and well and providesexcellent variety in syntax. The minor flaws do not detract from the overall high quality ofthe critique. This is an impressive 6 paper.
文章分析完了，基本上大家對GRE Argument寫作有了一個清晰的了解了吧。祝大家都能取得GRE寫作高分!
