2023考研英語閱讀隔離世紀的終結

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2023考研英語閱讀隔離世紀的終結

　　ALL-WHITE neighbourhoods are effectivelyextinct, according to The End of the SegregatedCentury , a recent report by the ManhattanInstitute, a New York think-tank. Only 0.5% ofAmericas 70,000 neighbourhoods are now all-white. In fact, American cities are today moreintegrated than they have been since 1910. Andsince 1960 the proportion of black Americansliving in ghetto neighbourhoods has dropped from nearly half to about 20%.

　　紐約智庫曼哈頓研究所在其名為《隔離世紀的終結》的最新報告中寫道：美國幾乎已經沒有純白人社區了。現在，美國70000個社區中，只有0.5%的社區僅有白人居民。與1910年相比，現在的美國城市要更加融合。自1960年至今，美國居住在黑人社區的黑人比例從將近50%下降到20%。

　　Until the Great Migration north, beginning around 1910, most of the black population lived inthe rural South. Then they were pushed into ghettos because of restrictive deed covenantsand blatant discrimination by landlords. Although the Supreme Court ruled against race-based zoning in 1917 and New York City outlawed housing discrimination in 1958, realchange did not begin until the 1960s during the civil rights era when segregation was still nearits peak.

　　1910年的向北大遷移之前，大多數黑人都居住在南方的農村。但是隨著限制住宅契約的出現，以及業主們對黑人的大肆歧視，黑人們只好搬進黑人社區。盡管在1917年最高法院判定種族分區違法，1958年紐約市也將住宅歧視視為違法，但是實際情況并沒有得到改善;直到二十世紀六十年代民權運動時期，種族隔離幾乎達到頂峰之后，情況才真正有所好轉。

　　Gentrification has also helped: Washington, DCs Navy Yard for instance, 95% black in 2000,is now less than a third black. America is also no longer a biracial country. Latinos and Asiansare moving into so-called white and black neighbourhoods. The typical black American nowlives in a neighbourhood that is 14% Hispanic, about the same figure as for whites.

　　中產階級化也推波助瀾：以華盛頓特區海軍碼頭為例，2000年時那里95%都是黑人，而現在其黑人人數只有不到三分之一。美國也不再是一個只有兩個種族的國家，拉丁裔和亞裔的美國人也開始搬進那些曾經的白人和黑人社區。典型美國黑人現在生活的社區中，拉丁裔美國人占到14%，與社區中白人所占比例相當。

　　Depopulation of ghettos, rather than integration of them, has also contributed to thedecline in segregation. Thanks to better access to credit, there has been a movement outof the cities to the suburbs, particularly in sunnier states. The biggest drop in segregationover the past decade has been in places that had the most subprime lending, notes JacobVidgor, the reports co-author.

　　與社區融合不同，一些黑人社區的消亡，也成為社會隔離程度降低的因素之一。由于獲得貸款變得更加容易，從城市向郊區遷移已經成為一種趨勢，而這種趨勢在美國陽光地帶各州尤其明顯。雅各布?威格是這份報告的作者之一，他說：過去十年間，隔離程度降低最為明顯的地方正是提供次級貸款最多的地方。

　　Places like Chicagos South Side are still almost entirely black, though overall the Windy Cityis a much more culturally mixed place than it used to be. Still, John Logan, a BrownUniversity sociologist, thinks the Manhattan Institutes assessment is over the top.Segregation is still pervasive, he reckons. There are still barriers to people moving awayfrom black neighbourhoods, even for those making good money.

　　雖然一些地方，如芝加哥南區，仍然基本上都是黑人聚居，但是整個風城在文化上已經比過去要融合的多。布朗大學的社會學家約翰?洛根認為，曼哈頓政策研究所的這份報告高估了實際情況，社會隔離的現象仍然十分普遍。阻止人們從黑人社區搬出的種種壁壘仍然存在，甚至那些掙了大錢的居民也不能幸免。

　　The Urban Institute, a Washington, DC, think-tank, recently compiled a report card on arange of measures of racial and ethnic equity in the countrys 100 biggest metropolitanareas. The ten best cities for black-white equity are mostly in the South and in the West,while the ten worst are in the north-east and in the Midwest. Margery Turner, who compiledthe report, hastens to say there are still significant gaps to address. Even in metro areasscoring high marks, the average black American is more likely to live in poorerneighbourhoods, go to weaker schools, less likely to find a job and is less likely to own ahome than the average white. However, these gaps are two to three times bigger in theworst metro areas.

　　城市研究院是坐落在華盛頓特區的智庫，它最近匯總了來自美國面積最大的100個大城市的種族和民族公平的一系列指標，編纂成一份成績報告單。種族最為公平的10所城市大都聚集在西部和南部，而種族公平性最差的10所城市則都在東北部以及中部。這份報告的編纂者馬熱爾?特納說黑人和白人之間的仍然有很大的差距需要彌補。即使在一些報告單中成績較好的城市里，一般情況下，與白人相比，美國的黑人仍然更容易成為貧困社區的居民，進入較差的學校，更難找到工作，或是擁有自己的房子。在成績最低的一些城市，這些差距則要擴大兩到三倍。