王長喜四級大課堂（十四講）
各位同學，大家好，四六級考試還有不到三周的時間，在這最近幾周中，我要和同學們一起來探討一下四六級英語寫作的應對策略。這一講，我們重點介紹四六級寫作的基本要求，以增強同學們寫作的目標性，針對性，從而在考試中更好地反映出自己的水平。
一、四六級寫作的要求
四級作文和六級作文的要求基本是相同的。
1. 篇幅：120-150字
達不到字數要求的，要酌情扣1-5分;
90-99 扣1分，80-90扣2分，70-79扣3分，60-69扣5分;
2. 布局：三段式
只寫一段為0-4分，只寫兩段0-9分;
3. 評分標準：
2分--- 條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤,但多數為嚴重錯誤;
5分- 基本切題。表達思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴重語言錯誤;
8分- 基本切題。有些地方表達思想不過清楚，文字勉強連貫;語言錯誤相當多，其中有一些是嚴重錯誤;
11分- 切題。表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤;
14分- 切題。表達思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好。基本上無語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯誤。
例如：
1) 有人認為機會是極少的
2) 有人認為機會人人都有
3) 我的看法
Sample 1
As to the opportunity, there is two different opinions: first, someone think the opportunity is little in their life. Secondly, someone consider that opportunity is existing everywhere everybody has some kinds of chance. According to my life experiment and knowledge I agree with the second idea. There is chance for everyone in some unexpected case. But if you has no preparing for it, the opportunity will lose. Those who have many preparation and much knowledge, and some good virtue, may I quip the opportunity firmly. For example, two man are appealing for a job in a company, and there is only one vacant job for the only one of the two man. How, the two man has an opportunity to get the job but the boss certainly would accept the good one.
So I think the opportunity is existing to every one, but more opportunity is belongs to who has knowledge, experience, encourage and confident.
該篇文章條理不清，思想紊亂，語言支離破碎，幾乎沒有正確的句子，得2分。
Sample 2
Some one thinks that the opportunity is very few for him because he has never meet the chance. But other one thinks there are chances here and there, then everyone can meet opportunity.
I resist the second opinion. There to are some opportunities, the important thing is that if we could catch the chance when we meet it. In our lives we have a lot of choice that need us take our heart to. For example, when I was a little boy, my health was very bad. One day a teacher advise me to join the basketball with my friends. My health become well. So I think there are opportunities for everyone.
該篇文章基本切題，但思想表達不清楚，有很多嚴重的語言錯誤，屬于5分檔。
Sample 3
Some people think that they lack of opportunities, while others think that everyone will face to some ones. I agree to the latter.
In fact, we are living on the same world. Most of us must deal with a lot of things every day. Some peoples circumstances are even the same, so do the opportunities. However, why someone can grasp it but others cannot? All this depends on the careful observation and grasping the opportunity in time. For instance, we students in our college, whose circumstance are the same. We all should study a lot of courses before we graduate. But some of us study hard in order to learn more and well, while some dont. In the end, the hard-working students get the better jobs. At that time, there are some students who have been playing all the time will say that they lack of opportunities. As we know that the hard-working students make the best use of their time and they observe everything around them carefully, so that they can grasp the opportunities in time.
In a word, the opportunity is equal to everyday, and whether we can grasp it or not is critical.
該篇文章基本切題，有些地方表達不清，文字勉強連貫，但語言錯誤較多，其中有一些為嚴重錯誤。屬于11分檔。
Sample 4
People have different views on opportunity. Some think that there are few opportunities for them in the world, while others hold that everybody will have some kind of chances in his or her life. As far as I am concerned, I am for the latter. People who claim that they dont have good luck may be those who are not able to take chances. Maybe they fail to recognize opportunities even when they are in front of them. However, wise man wise men can seek opportunities rather than wait for chances to appear. For example, almost everybody had watched apples falling from apple trees, but only Newton discovered the Law of Gravity.
In fact, no one can be denied of the access to opportunity. People may have good luck sometimes, but no one can be lucky all the time. As a saying goes, every dog has its day. So everybody can have a chance to succeed.
So we can conclude that everybody has the opportunity to succeed, but it is up to himself to take it.
該篇文章切題，思想表達清楚，文章結構條理，行文連貫，符合邏輯，屬于14分檔作文。
4. 行文要求
1) 切題：統一，無不相關細節內容;
Beethovens demand for perfection meant long and hard work. Unlike Mozart, he couldnt dash off three great symphonies in six weeks. It doesnt mean he was not as talented as Mozart. Beethovens music was different from Mozarts Sometime he worked years on a single symphony, writing other works at the same time. He carried music sketchbooks everywhere, jotting down new ideas, revising and refining old ones. These early notes often seem crude and uninspired when compared with their final versions, which were hammered out through great labor. Beethoven was often in poverty, though he produced great music.
本段文字中紅體部分顯然與主題Beethovens demand for perfection meant long and hard work.無關，應該去掉。
2) 條理清楚：連貫、和諧 - 注意銜接語的使用
In their hurry to get practical preparations for a career, students often overlook the liberal arts college. Yet, there are good reasons why they should consider a liberal arts school, even if getting a job is their main concern. For one thing learning itself may be more exciting in a liberal arts college for the its course is more flexible than that of a technical school. Thus students may do better in their course and earn higher grades, which will certainly make them more attractive to employers. More important, a liberal arts education is the most likely to develop ones ability to think, to read, and write, which business and industry are coming to value more and more. Finally, students should realize that a liberal arts education has always been a preferred path for top professions: law, medicine, government, and education.
3) 簡潔：句子要簡練;
4) 準確：減少語法錯誤，符合英語的表達習慣，避免漢語式英語;
5. 卷面：整潔。
二、 四六級英語寫作類型
1. 體裁：說明文，議論文
最近幾年的四六級作文的體裁以說明文和議論文為主。
說明文如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview (2000，12，四級), How I Finance My College Education(2000，1 四級), Practice Makes Perfect， Haste Makes Waste(97，1 六級)
議論文如：Dont Hesitate to Say NO(99，1 四級和六級), Can Money Buy Happiness(95，1 四級), Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?(2000，6 四級) Reading Selectively or Extensively? ，Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?
2.段落類型：比較/對比，列舉，程序等
說明和議論文章所采用的文章擴展模式一般以比較/對照，舉例、列舉、因果、程序等者居多。如：
Dont Hesitate to Say NO, Reading Selectively or Extensively等很多四六級寫作中都涉及到兩種觀點的對比，整體的段落類型為對照型。
Practice Makes Perfect, Harmfulness of Fake Commodities等可采用因果行的段落結構模式，也可以采用舉例說明的結構模式。Advantages of a Job Interview則應采用列舉的段落擴展模式。
3. 出題方式：提綱式寫作，中文提綱，一般為三句或兩句;
如：99年1月分考題
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Dont Hesitate to Say NO. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline below.
1. 別人請求幫助時，在什么情況下我們會說不。
2. 為什么有些人在該說不的時候不說不。
3. 該說不時不說不的壞處。
再如：98年一月分考題
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline below.
1. 目前社會上有不少假冒偽劣商品。為什么會有這種現象?
2. 舉例說明假冒偽劣商品對消費者個人、社會等的危害。
P
三、 四六級英語寫作模式
文章由段落組成，四六級寫作的布局要求成三段式的寫作模式，這就體現了由段落到篇章的結構模式。首先，我們來看一下英語段落的寫作要求。
1. 段落
英語中的段落由三部分組成，即主題句、支撐細節和結論句。篇章中的段落可以沒有結論句，但是一般應該有主題句。寫作中要求
1)開門見山提出主題
如下面一篇寫作：
題目：Good Health提綱：
Importance of good health Ways to keep good health My own practices寫作中可以將文章分成三段，但注意每段主題要明確，并且于第一句中提出：
Good health is very important to everyone. With it, we can study hard; we can serve the country; we can do everything as we like. Without good health, everybody knows, we will fail to do things; we cant work efficiently; we may stay in hospital well become a burden of our family, etc. In my opinion, there are two ways to keep fit. First, we must eat a balanced diet. This is to say, we must eat not only eggs, fish, and meat, but also some vegetables and fruit everyday. Besides eating, drinking clean water is also important. Never get addicted to drinking the so-called soft drinks. Second, exercising is a vital part of our daily life. We can do some running in the morning and play football in the afternoon.
As a university student, I pay much attention to my physical exercises. I do some swimming in summer and some skating in winter. I often play badminton and tennis. Im also careful with my diet. In a way, keeping healthy is not very hard if you just take it seriously.
2) 段落擴展模式要適當
英語文章的段落結構模式主要有：
(1)比較和對照
There are many differences between middle school and the college. First, in middle school, we have to listen to what the teacher says in class, to understand the content of the text. But in college, we must study by ourselves before class. If not, we couldnt follow the teacher. Second, there are lots of rules in middle school. For example, we should wear the uniform, the girls must have their hair cut short, and we are not allowed to make boy- or girlfriends. However, in college, we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair. We are also free to make boy or girlfriends. The third, in the middle school, we must study first. That means we could do nothing but study. In contrast, we have to do everything by ourselves in college. That means we must plan our time carefully. There are also other differences between our school life and our college life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life.?
再如：
題目：Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports提綱：
a. 體育運動的好處
b. 體育運動可能帶來的副作用
c. 我參加體育活動的體會
P
Sports do us good in many respects . It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength. In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation. While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work. However, as the saying goes, there are two sides to everything, and sports is without exception. We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities. Whats more, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.
My participation in sports tells me that sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically. It is also a good way for people to know each other and can promote friendship between people. So long as we are carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good.
就比較對照而言，段落格式可采用逐點比較的方式，也可采用塊狀比較的方式。
逐點比較的格式是
A 1 ---- B1;A2 --- B2 ;A3 --- B3塊狀比較的格式是：
A 1，2，3 ---- B1，2， 3上面第一例所采用的是逐點比較的結構模式，而 第二例采用的卻是塊狀比較的方式。
⑵ 列舉
As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable litmus. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.再如：
題目：Advantages of a Job Interview 提綱：
1. 現在找工作一般都要面試，通過面試，面試者和應試者可以相互了解情況。
2. 面試者可以想應試者介紹情況，如工作性質、條件、待遇等。
3. 應試者也機會給對方留下一個好的印象，如可以表現出自信心，可以介紹教育北京、工作能力等。
Nowadays, when a person is hunting for a job, there will always be a job interview and I think the job interview has a lot of advantage. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other from it. First, the interviewer can tell something about the job to the interviewee such as the salary, the working conditions and something else that is relevant to the job. Then the interviewee can decide whether the job is really suitable for him. Second, I think the job interview is a good chance for the interviewee to show both his ability and confidence. Then the interviewer can figure out whether he is the right person for the job.
In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of them make the best of the job interview.
⑶ 因果
There are three reasons why some students cannot finish their college studies. Some students fail in college because their academic background is weak. For example, one student might not have had an adequate mathematics course in high school, so he fails his university math class. Another student may not attend classes regularly; as a result, he may not be able to pass the tests in class since he does not know the answers. Next, because of financial problems, other students may fail university classes. For example, students who have to take jobs dont have as much time to study; consequently, they may fail their classes. Others may give up their college study because they cannot stand the strain of working and studying at the same time. Finally, there are students who fail because their energies are not directed toward their classes. Some of these students are not interested in college, so they spend their days doing other things. Some other students, though enjoying college life, are distracted by other activities parties, movies, sports, etc. So they do not study enough, therefore, they fail. Because of all these problems, numerous students fail in college every year.
因果型段落只是將敘述重點集中在原因或結構之上，文章所采用的擴展模式還是列舉，列舉原因或結構。但在介紹原因時，可以使用舉例的方式。
