2024高考英語(yǔ)備考復(fù)習(xí)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣2
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的情感、態(tài)度等，是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)，也是高考的熱點(diǎn)，是單項(xiàng)填空必考的一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在近五年高考中主要考查四點(diǎn)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)和可能性的用法；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)“情感、態(tài)度、語(yǔ)氣等”；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示 “必要性”等方面的用法。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考點(diǎn)主要集中在名詞性從句、條件句中的用法，以及錯(cuò)綜條件句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的應(yīng)用。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
意義
語(yǔ)氣
句式
語(yǔ)境
例句
備注
must 一定
可能性最大
肯定句
對(duì)
具
體
事
的判
斷 ①A：Look，someone is coming. Who can it be? B: It may be our headmaster. A: It can’t be him. He has gone to Shanghai. B: It must be Mr. Wang. He looks like our headmaster. ②That may not be true. ③He couldn't have discovered the truth.
①對(duì)現(xiàn)在的行為或狀態(tài)的推測(cè)：must/may/might/can/could＋do ②對(duì)過(guò)去的行為或狀態(tài)的推測(cè)：must/may/might/can/could have done
may/might(might可能性小于may) 可能 可能性較小，尤其might最不肯定 肯定句、否定句(可能不)
can/could (could可能性小于can) 可能 ? 疑問(wèn)句、否定句(不可能)、(could有時(shí)也用于肯定句)
有時(shí)會(huì) ? 肯定句
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
意義
語(yǔ)氣
句式
語(yǔ)境
例句
備注
should /ought to 應(yīng)該 ，理應(yīng)
? ? 理論上 ①It's 8 o'clock now. He should be in the office now.
②Hi, Mum! I'm on the bus. I should be home in about ten minutes.
常表示在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)可能發(fā)生的事或某人的期望。一般句末有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，或有語(yǔ)境暗示。所表示的猜測(cè)發(fā)生的可能性很大。
注意：should (ought to)表示推測(cè)是高考考查的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。如：
— When can I come for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon.
— They ________ be ready by 12：00.
A．can
B．should
C．might
D．need
【解析】 B A項(xiàng)表示推測(cè)時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。C項(xiàng)表示推測(cè)語(yǔ)氣不太肯定。should意為“按理說(shuō)，理應(yīng)”，既回答了顧客的詢問(wèn)，不失禮貌，又為照片有可能尚未洗好，顧客到時(shí)取不到留下了回旋的余地，體現(xiàn)了店主的精明與用詞經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)推敲。
二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的其他用法
1．can, could, may, might情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
can/could 能力
①I can see some birds flying in the sky.
②Could the girl read before she went to school?
could表示泛指過(guò)去的某一能力。表示過(guò)去有能力并且成功地做了某事，通常用was/were able to do，相當(dāng)于managed to do/succeeded in doing。如：Because he practised hard, he was able to pass the driving test.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
can/could 允許(有時(shí)可與may互換)
Can/May I have a look at your photos？
can與could、may與might不表時(shí)態(tài)差異，只是語(yǔ)氣上的差別，could/might比can/may更委婉。注意在回答時(shí)不能用could/ might。
請(qǐng)求
—Can/Could you lend me a hand？—Yes, I can.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
may/might 允許或請(qǐng)求
①You may take this if you like.
②May/Might I ask for a photo of your baby？
can與could、may與might不表時(shí)態(tài)差異，只是語(yǔ)氣上的差別，could/might比can/may更委婉。注意在回答時(shí)不能用could/ might。
2.must, should 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
must
必須
①We must help each other to overcome the difficulties. ②—Must I finish the work today？—No, you needn't/you don't have to./Yes, you must. ③You mustn't take photos here, and it is forbidden.
①must表示主觀意志，have to表示客觀。如：They had to speed up, for the weather turned terrible. ②Must I/we…？的否定回答不能用mustn't。
偏要
硬要
非要 ①Why must you always interrupt me？
②—Can I borrow your car, Mum？—If you must.
表示與說(shuō)話人愿望相反及不耐煩。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
should
應(yīng)該(常與oughtto通用) You should be polite to the old.
ought to 的否定式：ought not to(oughtn't to)；疑問(wèn)式：Ought …to…？
竟然
It is strange that he should react in this way.
表示驚訝、意外等語(yǔ)氣。
萬(wàn)一
①Should anyone phone, tell them I will call back later. (＝ If anyone should phone…)②If I should go there tomorrow, I would go to see her.
用于if從句中強(qiáng)調(diào)“萬(wàn)一”，或用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
3. need, dare
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 例句
注意事項(xiàng)
need ①I needn't go at once.
②—Need you go at once？—Yes，I must. /No, I needn't. ①need可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，用于各種句式。如：I need to go at once.I don't need to go at once. —Do you need to go at once？—Yes，I do.②need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常用于否定、疑問(wèn)或條件句中。
dare ①He daren't cross the river.②How dare you say that to me？ dare和need一樣，既可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句和條件句。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于各種句式。如：He didn't dare (to) go out alone at night. (在否定句中to有時(shí)可省略)
4.shall/will/would
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
shall
表示征詢意見。
Shall I help you？
用于第一、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句中。
表示說(shuō)話人的意愿，有“命令，允諾，警告，決心”等意思。
①You shall do as I say. (命令)
②You shall have the book tomorrow. (允諾)
③If you don't get out, I shall knock you down. (警告) 用于第二、第三人稱。
4.shall/will/would情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
will/would 表示意愿
①I will do everything for you. ②None is so blind as those who won't see.
?
表請(qǐng)求
Will/ Would you please close the window？
用于疑問(wèn)句中。would更委婉
表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作
①Fish will die without water. ②Every time she was in trouble，she would turn to him for help. (would指過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間的情況，常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，意為“總是，總會(huì)”，后面只能接動(dòng)作性的動(dòng)詞。)
used to表示與現(xiàn)在的情況相反，表示“過(guò)去如此而現(xiàn)在不再這樣”。其后既可接表動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，也可接表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。如：There used to be an apple tree in front of the house.
4.shall/will/would情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
will/would 表示功能(能，行)
①If you don't have a pen, a pencil will do.②We tried the door again，but it wouldn't open.
與否定詞連用常表示“拒絕”。
表示推測(cè)(可能、大概)
①This will be the house you are looking for. ②I would be about ten when my father left home. ?
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
must have done；may/might have done；can/could have done 一定(肯定句)；可能(肯定句和否定句)；可能(疑問(wèn)句和否定句) You can't/couldn't have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.
對(duì)過(guò)去的事情的推測(cè)
might have done; couldhave done；would have done 本來(lái)可能做……而未做；本可以做……而未做；本來(lái)會(huì)做……而未做 ①He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.②We could have walked there, and it was so near. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬表達(dá)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 意義
例句
備注
should/ought to have done 本應(yīng)該做……而未做
Your brother has failed English exam again. You ought to have given him more help.
表示責(zé)備
needn't have done 本不需要做……但卻做了 You needn't have wakened me up; I don't have to go to work today. ?
四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑或推測(cè)。
虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法 if從句 主句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 if＋主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 主語(yǔ)＋should/would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 If ＋主語(yǔ)＋had＋過(guò)去分詞 主語(yǔ)＋should/would/could/might＋ have＋ 過(guò)去分詞
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 (1) if＋主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 主語(yǔ)＋should/would/could/ might＋動(dòng)詞原形
(2)if＋主語(yǔ)＋were to＋動(dòng)詞原形
(3) if＋主語(yǔ)＋should＋動(dòng)詞原形
If it were to rain tomorrow, I should not drive my car. 如果明天下雨的話，我就不開車了。(明天的情況還不知道)
If I had done it in time, I should have had a good time. 如果我及時(shí)做的話，日子就好過(guò)多了。(可惜當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)能及時(shí)做)
注意：
(1) 主句中的should通常用于第一人稱，would可用于任何人稱。
(2) 條件句中如果動(dòng)詞是be，其過(guò)去式所有人稱的單復(fù)數(shù)都可用were；在第一、三人稱單數(shù)的口語(yǔ)中，可用was代替were。但在if I were you中，不能說(shuō)成if I was you。
(3) 當(dāng)條件從句的行為與主句所表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，主從句中動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所標(biāo)示的時(shí)間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，這就是所謂的“錯(cuò)綜條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣”。如：
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他們以前努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，現(xiàn)在干得就會(huì)容易些了。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不聽我的建議，他就不會(huì)干得這么好了。
(4) 在條件句中，如果有were, had, should等，則可省略if，但應(yīng)注意把were, had, should等提到從句主語(yǔ)之前。
如：If he were to come, I would join him in the discussion. ＝ Were he to come, I would join him in the discussion. 如果他來(lái)，我將和他一道參加討論。
(5) 有些虛擬條件句沒(méi)有從句，虛擬條件句是通過(guò)上下文或介詞短語(yǔ)表示出來(lái)的。如：
But for air and water, there would be no life on the earth. 要是沒(méi)有空氣和水，地球上就沒(méi)有生命。(介詞短語(yǔ)but for提供了虛擬條件)
With your help, we might finish the plan earlier. 要是有你的幫助，我們就可以早些完成任務(wù)。(介詞短語(yǔ)with your help充當(dāng)虛擬條件句)
2． 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在wish從句中的用法
專題八 │ 正面解讀
賓語(yǔ)從句 愿望
I wish
主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
主語(yǔ)＋had＋過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
主語(yǔ)＋would/might＋動(dòng)詞原形 將來(lái)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
I wish I were a doctor. 我希望我是個(gè)醫(yī)生就好了。(現(xiàn)在)
I wish that the rain would stop. 我希望雨能停下來(lái)。(將來(lái))
I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.
我希望他不要把事情搞大了。(過(guò)去)
3． 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在名詞性從句中的使用
(1) 在insist；command，order；demand，request，require，desire；advise, propose, suggest，recommend等表示“命令、要求、建議”的動(dòng)詞后接的賓語(yǔ)從句中要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：
He suggests that she (should) leave the house at once.
他要她立刻離開這所房子。
He proposed that we (should) deal with the problem by the view of development.
他建議我們應(yīng)該用發(fā)展的眼光處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
(2) 與上述動(dòng)詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞suggestion, order, demand , proposal 等后的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中也要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣(should可省略)。如：
My proposal is that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.
我的建議是為這個(gè)計(jì)劃設(shè)定一個(gè)上交的期限。
(3) 在It be suggested (ordered, demanded, proposed, … )that… 結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語(yǔ)從句中也要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：
It's required that every student be on time for school.
要求每個(gè)學(xué)生準(zhǔn)時(shí)到校。
(4) 在do you suggest/recommend用在特殊疑問(wèn)句中作插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的動(dòng)詞也使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”的形式，其中should可以省略。如：
What type of computer do you recommend/ suggest we (should) buy?
你建議我們買什么類型的電腦呢？
(5) 在It's＋necessary，essential，important, strange, natural等形容詞＋ that從句或It's a pity，a shame等名詞＋ that 從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以使用should do。如：
It is necessary that the badly wounded man should be treated immediately. 這位重傷員必須馬上治療。
It's a pity that you should be so careless.
你竟然如此粗心，真是可惜。
4． 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法
在as if/though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在相反的情況；用過(guò)去完成式，表示與過(guò)去相反的情況等。其變化與wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句的變化相同。如：
I've loved you as if you were my relative.
我一直愛(ài)你仿佛你是我的親人。
5． 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他一些句型中的用法
(1) It's high time that-從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以使用過(guò)去式，也可使用should＋動(dòng)詞原形；表示“早該……了”，其中should不可省略。如：
It's high time we got up/should get up. 我們?cè)缭撈鸫擦恕?/p>
(2) would rather＋從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況相反；用過(guò)去完成式，表示與過(guò)去的情況相反。如：
I would rather you came tomorrow. 我寧愿你明天來(lái)。
(3) if only…要是……多好啊。如：
If only you hadn't offended him. 你當(dāng)時(shí)不惹他就好了。
If only he could come tomorrow. 他明天能來(lái)就好了。
