2024屆廣東省天河區(qū)高考英語二輪語法復(fù)習(xí)精講精練:動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)02
動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)精講精煉02
十一、一般現(xiàn)在時代替過去時
1.“書上說”“報紙上說”等。
The newspaper says that it’s going to be cold tomorrow. 報紙上說明天會很冷的。
2.敘述往事,使其生動。
Napoleon’s army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破侖的部隊沖上來了,戰(zhàn)斗打響了。十二、一般現(xiàn)在時代替完成時
1.有些動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替完成時:
hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember
I hear (=have heard)he will go to London.
I forget (=have forgotten)how old he is.
2.句型“It is...since...”代替“It has been...since...”
It is (=has been)five years since we last met.
十三、一般現(xiàn)在時代替進(jìn)行時
1.句型:Here comes...; There goes...
Look,here comes Mr.Li.看,李先生來了。
十四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時代替將來時
1.表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計劃好的活動。
Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?
We are leaving soon.我們馬上就走。
2.漸變動詞,如:get,run,grow,become,begin,die
He is dying.他快要不行了。
十五、時態(tài)一致
1.如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實(shí),則永遠(yuǎn)用現(xiàn)在時。
At that time,people did not know that the earth moves.
在那時,人們不知道地球是運(yùn)動的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen.他上周告訴我他18歲了。
2.賓語從句中的助動詞ought,need,must,dare 時態(tài)是不變的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.他原以為我沒有必要告訴你真相。
十六、時態(tài)與時間狀語
時間狀語
一般現(xiàn)在時 every...,sometimes,at...,on Sunday
一般過去時 yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982,just now
一般將來時 next...,tomorrow,in+時間
現(xiàn)在完成時 for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,recently
過去完成時 before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as
過去進(jìn)行時 this morning,the whole morning,all day,yesterday,from nine to ten last evening...when,while
將來進(jìn)行時 soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening
動詞的語態(tài)
一、分類及定義
語態(tài)有兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。
主語是動作的發(fā)出者為主動語態(tài);主語是動作的接受者為被動語態(tài)。
1.若賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to 的不定式,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,該不定式前要加“to”。此類動詞為感官動詞。
feel,hear,help,listen to,look at,make,observe,see,notice,watch
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.老師把我趕出了教室。→I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).我被老師趕出了教室。
2.情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞,構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
煤可以用來發(fā)電以供應(yīng)工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。
二、功能及用法
1.let 的用法
1)當(dāng)let后只有一個單音節(jié)動詞,變被動語態(tài)時,可用不帶to 的不定式。
They let the strange go.
The strange was let go.他們讓那個陌生人走了。
2)若let 后賓補(bǔ)較長時,let 通常不用被動語態(tài),而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
I was allowed/permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.護(hù)士讓我去看望在醫(yī)院的同學(xué)。
2.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)
短語動詞是一個整體,不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。
My sister will be taken care of by grandma.我妹妹將由奶奶來照顧。
Such a thing has never been heard of before.那種事情以前從來沒聽說過。
3.表示“據(jù)說”或“相信” 的詞組
believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand
It is said that...據(jù)說
It is reported that...據(jù)報道
It is believed that...大家相信
It is hoped that...大家希望
It is well known that...眾所周知
It is thought that...大家認(rèn)為
It is suggested that...據(jù)建議
It is taken granted that...被視為當(dāng)然
It has been decided that...大家決定
It must be remembered that...務(wù)必記住的是……
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.據(jù)說她周二動身去武漢。
4.不用被動語態(tài)的情況
1)不及物動詞或某些動詞短語無被動語態(tài):
appear,die disappear,end (vi.結(jié)束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,break out,come true,fall asleep,keep silence,lose heart,take place
比較: rise,fall,happen是不及物動詞;raise,seat是及物動詞。
價格上漲了。
(錯)The price has been risen.
(對)The price has risen.
事故發(fā)生在上周。
(錯)The accident was happened last week.
(對) The accident happened last week.
要想正確地使用被動語態(tài),就須注意哪些動詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題惟有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。
2)不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語:
fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watch agree with,arrive at/in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,walk into,belong to
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.你的故事跟我們聽到的相符。
3)系動詞無被動語態(tài):
appear,be become,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell, sound,stay,taste,turn
It sounds good.這聽起來不錯。
4)帶同源賓語的及物動詞、反身代詞、相互代詞,不能用于被動語態(tài):
die,death,dream,live,life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨天晚上做了一個噩夢。
5)當(dāng)賓語是不定式時,很少用于被動語態(tài)。
她喜歡游泳。
(對)She likes to swim.
(錯)To swim is liked by her.
5.主動形式表示被動意義
1) wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell,drive...
The book sells well.這本書銷路好。
This knife cuts easily.這刀子很好用。
2)blame,let(出租),remain,keep,rent,build
I was to blame for the accident.對于這起事故我應(yīng)受責(zé)備。
Much work remains.還剩下好多活。
3)在need,require,want,worth(形容詞),deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。
The door needs repairing.=The door needs to be repaired.這扇門需要修了。
This room needs cleaning.這房間應(yīng)該打掃一下。
This book is worth reading.這本書值得一讀。
4)特殊結(jié)構(gòu):make sb.heard/understood(使別人能聽見/理解自己)
have sth.done (要某人做某事)。
6.被動形式表示主動意義
be determined,be pleased,be graduated (from),be finished,be prepared (for),be occupied (in),get married
He is graduated from a famous university.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。
注意: 表示同某人結(jié)婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
他娶了一個有錢的女孩。
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
注意:當(dāng) need,want,require,worth(形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動。
Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。
The book is worth reading.這本書值得一讀。
【考點(diǎn)詮釋】
考點(diǎn)一、一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
1.一般現(xiàn)在時
(1)考查表示按時間表將要發(fā)生的動作或事件
例1—Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _______ off at 18: 20.
takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken
【解析】飛機(jī)起非的時間是時間表上的安排,所以無論將來什么時候發(fā)生都用一般現(xiàn)在時,答案應(yīng)是A。
(2)考查表示特征、能力或現(xiàn)時的情況或狀態(tài)
例2 This machine _______. It hasn’t worked for years.
A. didn’t work B. wasn’t working C. doesn’t work D. isn’t working
解析:機(jī)器閑置了很多年,所以現(xiàn)在的狀況也是不運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的,用一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)時的狀態(tài),故答案為C。
例3 The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live C. had lived D. doesn’t live
【解析】句中的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時,故不住在這里也應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)時的情況,答案應(yīng)為D。
(3)考查表示普遍真理、事實(shí)
例4Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
【解析】盡管我們橫渡太平洋是幾個月前的事情,但是海洋的名稱是存在的事實(shí),所以用一般現(xiàn)在時,答案是B。
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
(1)考查表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作或發(fā)生的事
例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.
A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
【解析】句中的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時態(tài),所以現(xiàn)在汽車正在被修理,故答案選C。
例6Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _______ to ask how I am going to spend the money.
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning
解析:因?yàn)槲耀@了獎,所以這段時間老有人給我 打電話怎樣花這筆錢,答案應(yīng)是D。
(3)考查表示某個按最近的計劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動作、即將開始或結(jié)束的動作
常用的這類動詞有:go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。
例7Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _______.
A. takes off B. is taking off
C. has taken off D. took off
解析:答案是B,用進(jìn)行時表示飛機(jī)即將起飛。
從歷屆高考題可以看出,命題者在選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置中注重對一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時區(qū)別的考查。這兩種時態(tài)的區(qū)別見下:
一般現(xiàn)在時:習(xí)慣性、永久性、客觀事實(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時:暫時性、重復(fù)性、感情色彩
考點(diǎn)二、一般過去時與過去進(jìn)行時
1.一般過去時
主要考查表示過去某個特定時間或某一段時間發(fā)生的動作或情況
例8It’s said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and
education.
A. were being designed B. have designed C. have been designed D. were designed
【解析】句中的the early說明以前歐洲撲克牌的設(shè)計是為了娛樂和教育,用一般過去時說明過去某個特定時間發(fā)生的動作或情況,答案是D。
例9My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _______ there for a few months and then went to America.
A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working
【解析】此題中的two years ago說明是發(fā)生在過去的事情,所以答案是A。
2.過去進(jìn)行時
(1)考查表示過去某一時刻或某階段正在發(fā)生的動作,強(qiáng)調(diào)未完成
例10—Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He _______ it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
解析:從對話中不知道Sam有沒有完成作業(yè),所以今天上午他正在做,正確答案為C。
(2)考查表示過去某一時間將要發(fā)生的動作
例11—What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
—I had just finished my work and _______ take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
【解析】“我”剛剛完成手頭的工作,將要去洗澡,所以答案是D。
一般過去時與過去進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別如下:
一般過去時:完成性
過去進(jìn)行時:未完成
考點(diǎn)三、現(xiàn)成完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
1.現(xiàn)成完成時
(1)考查表示所發(fā)生的動作或事情對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果
例12Although medical science _______ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.
A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved
【解析】盡管句中未出現(xiàn)時間狀語,我們從句意可以判斷出醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)控制住了一些危險的疾病,所以答案是B。
(2)考查表示一個從過去某個時間開始,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作
例13My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.
A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served
【解析】此題中的時間狀語all his life 說明我的朋友從過去到現(xiàn)在一直在奧委會工作,答案應(yīng)是D。
例14My brother is an actor. He _______ in several films so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【解析】句中的時間狀語so far和現(xiàn)在完成時連用,意為“到目前為止”,所以答案是C。
2.現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時
主要考查表示一個從過去某時開始發(fā)生,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去的動作。
例15Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had considered B. has been considering C. consider D. is going to consider