新托福TPO 12綜合寫作詳細解析：簡·奧斯汀
簡奧斯汀（Jane Austen，1775年12月16日－1817年7月18日）是英國著名女性小說家，她的作品主要關注鄉紳家庭女性的婚姻和生活，以女性特有的細致入微的觀察力和活潑風趣的文字真實地描繪了她周圍世界的小天地。
Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most famous of all English novelists, and today her novels are more popular than ever, with several recently adapted as Hollywood movies. But we do not have many records of what she looked like. For a long time, the only accepted image of Austen was an amateur sketch of an adult Austen made by her sister Cassandra. However, recently a professionally painted, full-length portrait of a teenage girl owned by a member of the Austen family has come up for sale. Although the professional painting is not titled Jane Austen, there are good reasons to believe she is the subject.
簡奧斯汀是最有名的英國小說家之一。時至今日，她的作品變得更受歡迎了，有數部被好萊塢改編成電影了。但是對于她的長相卻沒有太多的記錄。很長一段時間以來，唯一被認可的奧斯汀的畫像是她妹妹卡桑德拉畫的。但是這幅成年奧斯汀素描并不是出自于專業畫家。然而，最近一副奧斯汀家族成員持有的畫像想要出售。這幅出自專業畫家之手的全身畫像上面是一個少女奧斯汀。盡管這幅專業畫作上并沒有寫有簡奧斯汀，但是我們還是有足夠的理由相信畫上的人就是她。
First, in 1882, several decades after Austens death, Austens family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters. Austens family clearly recognized it as a portrait of the author. So, for over a century now, the Austen family itself has endorsed the claim that the girl in the portrait is Jane Austen.
首先，在1882年，在奧斯汀去世幾十年后，奧斯汀家族曾經授權這幅畫作為她出版的書信集上本人畫像。奧斯汀家族當然能夠確認這幅畫就是作者。所以，一個多世紀過去了，奧斯汀家族還是為這幅畫背書，認為這個女孩就是簡奧斯汀本人。
Second, the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandras sketch, which we know depicts Austen. Though somewhat amateurish, the sketch communicates definite details about Austens face. Even though the Cassandra sketch is of an adult Jane Austen, the features are still similar to those of the teenage girl in the painting. The eyebrows, nose, mouth, and overall shape of the face are very much like those in the full-length portrait.
第二，這幅畫上人物的面容和卡桑德拉畫的那幅畫很相似，而卡桑德拉的畫作上的人物確定是奧斯汀。盡管卡桑德拉的畫作略顯業余，但是還是很好地描繪了奧斯汀面部的細節的。盡管卡桑德拉的畫描繪的是成年簡奧斯汀，但是面部細節還是同這幅畫上少女奧斯汀非常相似的。眉毛、鼻子、嘴和整個輪廓都跟這幅全身畫作非常相似。
Third, although the painting is unsigned and undated, there is evidence that it was painted when Austen was a teenager. The style links it to Ozias Humphrey, a society portrait painter who was the kind of professional the wealthy Austen family would hire. Humphrey was active in the late 1780s and early 1790s, exactly the period when Jane Austen was the age of the girl in the painting.
第三，機關這幅畫沒有署名也沒有日期，但是確信這幅畫的繪制時間是奧斯汀少女時期。這幅畫從風格上看是奧扎厄斯漢弗里的作品。他是一個專門受雇于奧斯汀這樣富有家族的上流社會肖像畫家。漢弗里活躍時期是1780末到170年初，而這個時期恰好正是簡奧斯汀十幾歲的時期。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 有一副畫上面的人物是簡奧斯汀
- Sub point 1: 這幅畫得到了奧斯汀家族的認可
- Sub point 2: 面容同簡奧斯汀的另一幅畫很像
- Sub point 3: 風格上看是奧扎厄斯漢弗里的作品，此人活躍時期簡奧斯汀的年齡同畫作相符
聽力材料：
The evidence linking this portrait to Jane Austen is not at all convincing. Sure, the painting has long been somewhat loosely connected to Austens extended family and their descendents, but this hardly proves its a portrait of Jane Austen as a teenager. The readings arguments that the portrait is of Austen are questionable at best.
所有證明這幅畫上人物是簡奧斯汀的證據都是不足信的。當然，這幅畫長期以來同奧斯汀家族極其后代保持著某種意義上的聯系。但是，這都不足以證明畫中問人是少女簡奧斯汀。
First, when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of her letters, Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years. So, the family members who asserted that the painting was Jane had never actually seen her themselves. They couldnt have known for certain if the portrait was of Austen or not.
首先，當奧斯汀家族在1882年授權在她書信集中使用這幅肖像畫的時候，簡奧斯汀已經過時差不多70年了。所以，聲稱畫中人物是簡奧斯汀的家庭成員其實從來沒有見過她本人。他們其實不能確信這幅畫是不是奧斯汀。
Second, the portrait could very well be that of a relative of Austens, a fact that would explain the resemblance between its subject and that of Cassandras sketch. The extended Austen family was very large and many of Jane Austens female cousins were teenagers in the relevant period or had children who were teenagers. And some of these teenage girls could have resembled Jane Austen. In fact, many experts believe that the true subject of the portrait was one of those relatives, Marianne Kempian, who was a distant niece of Austens
第二，至于為什么這幅畫上人物同卡桑德拉畫的那副長得很像，可以解釋為這幅上上的任務是簡奧斯汀的一個親人。奧斯汀家族非常龐大，在畫作成畫時期，很多簡奧斯汀的堂姐妹還是十幾歲的年紀，或者她堂姐妹的孩子是十幾歲。這些女孩子們很多跟簡奧斯汀長得很像。事實上，很多專家認為這幅畫中的人物實際上是這些人之一。她叫瑪麗安 凱佩恩，是簡奧斯汀的一個遠方侄女。
Third, the painting has been attributed to Humphrey only because of the style. But other evidence points to a later date. A stamp on the back of the picture indicates that the blank canvas, you know the actual piece of cloth on which the picture was painted, was sold by a man named William Legg. Record showed that William Legg did not sell canvases in London when Jane Austen was a teenager. He only started selling canvases when she was 27 years old. So, it looks like the canvas was used for the painting at a time when Austen was clearly older than the girl in the portrait.
第三，認為這幅畫是漢弗里作品的根據僅僅是風格。但是，有其他證據證明這幅畫的成畫時間實際要稍晚一些。畫布背面的印章表明這幅畫的空白畫布是一個叫威廉姆萊格賣出的。記錄表明簡奧斯汀少女時期，威廉姆萊格并沒有在倫敦賣畫布。他開始賣畫布的時候，簡奧斯汀已經27歲了。所以，這幅畫完成的時候，簡奧斯汀本人的年紀是大于畫中人物的。
聽力筆記內容：
Main point: 這幅畫中人物不是簡奧斯汀
Sub point one: 雖有家族人的背書，但是這些人都沒有見過簡奧斯汀本人
Sub point two: 同簡奧斯汀面容相似的原因可能是畫中人物是簡奧斯汀的親人
Sub point three: 畫布背面的印章表明這幅畫成畫時，簡奧斯汀年齡大于畫中人物問題
提示：
- endorse背書。本意是指在支票后面簽字，引申為贊同,認可,支持(意見,活動,某人等)。
簡奧斯汀（Jane Austen，1775年12月16日－1817年7月18日）是英國著名女性小說家，她的作品主要關注鄉紳家庭女性的婚姻和生活，以女性特有的細致入微的觀察力和活潑風趣的文字真實地描繪了她周圍世界的小天地。
Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most famous of all English novelists, and today her novels are more popular than ever, with several recently adapted as Hollywood movies. But we do not have many records of what she looked like. For a long time, the only accepted image of Austen was an amateur sketch of an adult Austen made by her sister Cassandra. However, recently a professionally painted, full-length portrait of a teenage girl owned by a member of the Austen family has come up for sale. Although the professional painting is not titled Jane Austen, there are good reasons to believe she is the subject.
簡奧斯汀是最有名的英國小說家之一。時至今日，她的作品變得更受歡迎了，有數部被好萊塢改編成電影了。但是對于她的長相卻沒有太多的記錄。很長一段時間以來，唯一被認可的奧斯汀的畫像是她妹妹卡桑德拉畫的。但是這幅成年奧斯汀素描并不是出自于專業畫家。然而，最近一副奧斯汀家族成員持有的畫像想要出售。這幅出自專業畫家之手的全身畫像上面是一個少女奧斯汀。盡管這幅專業畫作上并沒有寫有簡奧斯汀，但是我們還是有足夠的理由相信畫上的人就是她。
First, in 1882, several decades after Austens death, Austens family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters. Austens family clearly recognized it as a portrait of the author. So, for over a century now, the Austen family itself has endorsed the claim that the girl in the portrait is Jane Austen.
首先，在1882年，在奧斯汀去世幾十年后，奧斯汀家族曾經授權這幅畫作為她出版的書信集上本人畫像。奧斯汀家族當然能夠確認這幅畫就是作者。所以，一個多世紀過去了，奧斯汀家族還是為這幅畫背書，認為這個女孩就是簡奧斯汀本人。
Second, the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandras sketch, which we know depicts Austen. Though somewhat amateurish, the sketch communicates definite details about Austens face. Even though the Cassandra sketch is of an adult Jane Austen, the features are still similar to those of the teenage girl in the painting. The eyebrows, nose, mouth, and overall shape of the face are very much like those in the full-length portrait.
第二，這幅畫上人物的面容和卡桑德拉畫的那幅畫很相似，而卡桑德拉的畫作上的人物確定是奧斯汀。盡管卡桑德拉的畫作略顯業余，但是還是很好地描繪了奧斯汀面部的細節的。盡管卡桑德拉的畫描繪的是成年簡奧斯汀，但是面部細節還是同這幅畫上少女奧斯汀非常相似的。眉毛、鼻子、嘴和整個輪廓都跟這幅全身畫作非常相似。
Third, although the painting is unsigned and undated, there is evidence that it was painted when Austen was a teenager. The style links it to Ozias Humphrey, a society portrait painter who was the kind of professional the wealthy Austen family would hire. Humphrey was active in the late 1780s and early 1790s, exactly the period when Jane Austen was the age of the girl in the painting.
第三，機關這幅畫沒有署名也沒有日期，但是確信這幅畫的繪制時間是奧斯汀少女時期。這幅畫從風格上看是奧扎厄斯漢弗里的作品。他是一個專門受雇于奧斯汀這樣富有家族的上流社會肖像畫家。漢弗里活躍時期是1780末到170年初，而這個時期恰好正是簡奧斯汀十幾歲的時期。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 有一副畫上面的人物是簡奧斯汀
- Sub point 1: 這幅畫得到了奧斯汀家族的認可
- Sub point 2: 面容同簡奧斯汀的另一幅畫很像
- Sub point 3: 風格上看是奧扎厄斯漢弗里的作品，此人活躍時期簡奧斯汀的年齡同畫作相符
聽力材料：
The evidence linking this portrait to Jane Austen is not at all convincing. Sure, the painting has long been somewhat loosely connected to Austens extended family and their descendents, but this hardly proves its a portrait of Jane Austen as a teenager. The readings arguments that the portrait is of Austen are questionable at best.
所有證明這幅畫上人物是簡奧斯汀的證據都是不足信的。當然，這幅畫長期以來同奧斯汀家族極其后代保持著某種意義上的聯系。但是，這都不足以證明畫中問人是少女簡奧斯汀。
First, when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of her letters, Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years. So, the family members who asserted that the painting was Jane had never actually seen her themselves. They couldnt have known for certain if the portrait was of Austen or not.
首先，當奧斯汀家族在1882年授權在她書信集中使用這幅肖像畫的時候，簡奧斯汀已經過時差不多70年了。所以，聲稱畫中人物是簡奧斯汀的家庭成員其實從來沒有見過她本人。他們其實不能確信這幅畫是不是奧斯汀。
Second, the portrait could very well be that of a relative of Austens, a fact that would explain the resemblance between its subject and that of Cassandras sketch. The extended Austen family was very large and many of Jane Austens female cousins were teenagers in the relevant period or had children who were teenagers. And some of these teenage girls could have resembled Jane Austen. In fact, many experts believe that the true subject of the portrait was one of those relatives, Marianne Kempian, who was a distant niece of Austens
第二，至于為什么這幅畫上人物同卡桑德拉畫的那副長得很像，可以解釋為這幅上上的任務是簡奧斯汀的一個親人。奧斯汀家族非常龐大，在畫作成畫時期，很多簡奧斯汀的堂姐妹還是十幾歲的年紀，或者她堂姐妹的孩子是十幾歲。這些女孩子們很多跟簡奧斯汀長得很像。事實上，很多專家認為這幅畫中的人物實際上是這些人之一。她叫瑪麗安 凱佩恩，是簡奧斯汀的一個遠方侄女。
Third, the painting has been attributed to Humphrey only because of the style. But other evidence points to a later date. A stamp on the back of the picture indicates that the blank canvas, you know the actual piece of cloth on which the picture was painted, was sold by a man named William Legg. Record showed that William Legg did not sell canvases in London when Jane Austen was a teenager. He only started selling canvases when she was 27 years old. So, it looks like the canvas was used for the painting at a time when Austen was clearly older than the girl in the portrait.
第三，認為這幅畫是漢弗里作品的根據僅僅是風格。但是，有其他證據證明這幅畫的成畫時間實際要稍晚一些。畫布背面的印章表明這幅畫的空白畫布是一個叫威廉姆萊格賣出的。記錄表明簡奧斯汀少女時期，威廉姆萊格并沒有在倫敦賣畫布。他開始賣畫布的時候，簡奧斯汀已經27歲了。所以，這幅畫完成的時候，簡奧斯汀本人的年紀是大于畫中人物的。
聽力筆記內容：
Main point: 這幅畫中人物不是簡奧斯汀
Sub point one: 雖有家族人的背書，但是這些人都沒有見過簡奧斯汀本人
Sub point two: 同簡奧斯汀面容相似的原因可能是畫中人物是簡奧斯汀的親人
Sub point three: 畫布背面的印章表明這幅畫成畫時，簡奧斯汀年齡大于畫中人物問題
提示：
- endorse背書。本意是指在支票后面簽字，引申為贊同,認可,支持(意見,活動,某人等)。
